<p>The Indian national capital, Delhi, routinely experiences some of the world's highest urban particulate matter concentrations. While fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) mass concentrations in Delhi are at least an order of magnitude higher than in many western cities, the particle number (PN) concentrations are not similarly elevated. Here we report on 1.25 years of highly time resolved particle size distributions (PSD) data in the size range of 12–560 nm. We observed that the large number of accumulation mode particles – that constitute most of the PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass – also contributed substantially to the PN concentrations. The ultrafine particles (UFP, D<sub>p</sub> < 100 nm) fraction of PN was higher during the traffic rush hours and for daytimes of warmer seasons—consistent with traffic and nucleation events being major sources of urban UFP. UFP concentrations were found to be relatively lower during periods with some of the highest mass concentrations. Calculations based on measured PSD and coagulation theory suggest UFP concentrations are suppressed by a rapid coagulation sink during polluted periods when large concentrations of particles in the accumulation mode result in high surface area concentrations. A smaller accumulation mode for warmer months results in increased UFP fraction, likely owing to a comparatively smaller coagulation sink. We also see evidence suggestive of nucleation which may also contribute to the increased UFP proportion during the warmer seasons. Even though coagulation does not affect mass concentrations, it can significantly govern PN levels with important health and policy implications. Implications of a strong accumulation mode coagulation sink for future air quality control efforts in Delhi are that a reduction in mass concentration, especially in winter, may not produce proportional reduction in PN concentrations. Strategies that only target accumulation mode particles (which constitute much of the fine PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass) may even lead to an increase in the UFP concentrations as the coagulation sink decreases.</p>