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https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-7517-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-7517-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
18 Mar 2014
Status: this preprint was under review for the journal ACP but the revision was not accepted.
Extreme haze pollution in Beijing during January 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing
Abstract. Severe haze hovered over large areas of China in January 2013 right after the public release of PM2.5 data of major cities in China at the very first time. This historical severe haze emerged over the northern China with monthly average concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 exceeding 225, 200, and 80 μg m−3, respectively. Surface aerosol mean concentration of Beijing in January 2013 reached record high (only slightly lower than 2006) compared to historical data from 2003–2012, but with the largest daily fluctuation. Anomalous meteorological conditions in 2013 compared to the mean climatology from 2007–2012 were especially favorable for the formation of haze, such as higher humidity, lower temperature, lower PBL height, lower wind speed, and the high frequency of fog occurrences. The field campaign in Beijing showed an extremely high PM2.5 average concentration of 299.2 ± 79.1μg m−3 with extremely low visibility of 0.92 ± 0.82 km during an episode of high relative humidity with fog events. High AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) was observed during fog days but with relatively low Angstrom exponent (< 1.0), suggesting the modification of fog processing on the particle size. Major aerosol chemical species, such as SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Cl−, K+, and C2O42− presented an explicit exponential growth relationship with relative humidity, suggesting the significant impact of aerosol hygroscopicity on the visibility impairment. SO42− increased ∼5 folds while NO3−, NH4+, and C2O42− increased ∼3 folds in the fog days compared to the non-fog days. Aerosol in fog days was much more acidic than that in non-fog days. The in situ aerosol pH ranged from −0.78 to 0.14 in fog days based on the E-AIM model simulation. Bisulfate (HSO42−) accounted for 52% of the total sulfate and free hydrogen ion (H+Aq) accounted for 27% of the total acids in average. Enhanced coal combustion during the winter heating season along with traffic and industrial emissions were recognized to be the major causes for this severe haze. Fog processing was found to be the major pathway of producing extremely high yields of secondary inorganic aerosol and impacting the neutralization process (i.e. aerosol acidity) in this study.
How to cite. Huang, K., Zhuang, G., Wang, Q., Fu, J. S., Lin, Y., Liu, T., Han, L., and Deng, C.: Extreme haze pollution in Beijing during January 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14, 7517–7556, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-7517-2014, 2014.
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AC: Author comment | RC: Referee comment | SC: Short comment | EC: Editor comment
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SC C1388: 'comment', T.T. WANG, 14 Apr 2014
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SC C1527: 'comments on "Extreme haze pollution over northern China in January, 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing"', gao comments, 17 Apr 2014
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SC C1530: 'comments on "Extreme haze pollution over northern China in January, 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing"', gao comments, 17 Apr 2014
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SC C1600: 'Comment on the manuscript acpd-14-7517-2014', Shih-Chieh Hsu, 21 Apr 2014
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SC C1732: 'Interactive comment on “Extreme haze pollution in Beijing during January 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing” by K. Huang et al.', Xia Ke, 24 Apr 2014
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RC C2490: 'referee comment', Anonymous Referee #2, 19 May 2014
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AC C7519: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #2', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
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AC C7519: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #2', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
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RC C5129: 'Interactive comment on "Extreme haze pollution over northern China in January, 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing"', Anonymous Referee #3, 20 Jul 2014
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AC C7520: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #3', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
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AC C7520: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #3', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
Status: closed
Status: closed
AC: Author comment | RC: Referee comment | SC: Short comment | EC: Editor comment
- Printer-friendly version
- Supplement
-
SC C1388: 'comment', T.T. WANG, 14 Apr 2014
-
SC C1527: 'comments on "Extreme haze pollution over northern China in January, 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing"', gao comments, 17 Apr 2014
-
SC C1530: 'comments on "Extreme haze pollution over northern China in January, 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing"', gao comments, 17 Apr 2014
-
SC C1600: 'Comment on the manuscript acpd-14-7517-2014', Shih-Chieh Hsu, 21 Apr 2014
-
SC C1732: 'Interactive comment on “Extreme haze pollution in Beijing during January 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing” by K. Huang et al.', Xia Ke, 24 Apr 2014
-
RC C2490: 'referee comment', Anonymous Referee #2, 19 May 2014
-
AC C7519: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #2', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
-
AC C7519: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #2', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
-
RC C5129: 'Interactive comment on "Extreme haze pollution over northern China in January, 2013: chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and role of fog processing"', Anonymous Referee #3, 20 Jul 2014
-
AC C7520: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #3', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
-
AC C7520: 'Response to Anonymous Referee #3', Guoshun Zhuang, 29 Sep 2014
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Latest update: 16 Apr 2024
K. Huang
Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
G. Zhuang
Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
Q. Wang
Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
Y. Lin
Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
T. Liu
Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
L. Han
College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
C. Deng
Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China