Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net
1680-7367
1680-7375
9
2
2009
10.5194/acpd-9-6827-2009
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/6827/2009/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/6827/2009/acpd-9-6827-2009.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/6827/2009/acpd-9-6827-2009.pdf
6827
6854
2009-03-11
Vertical distribution of aerosols in Mexico City during MILAGRO-2006 campaign
P. A. Lewandowski
piotr-lewandowski@uiowa.edu
W. E. Eichinger
H. Holder
J. Prueger
IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
Duke University, Rayleigh, NC, USA
National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
On 7 March 2006, a mobile, ground-based, vertical pointing, elastic
lidar system made a North-South transect through the Mexico City
basin. Aerosol size distribution measurements, made concurrently,
allowed calculation of the mass extinction efficiency (MEE)
for the lidar system (1064 nm). MEE combined with
an inverted lidar extinction coefficient resulted in total aerosol
vertical mass estimates with 1.5 m vertical spatial and
1 s temporal resolution.
<br><br>
The results showed that the aerosol loading within the basin is
about twice what is observed outside of the basin. The total aerosol
base concentrations observed in the basin are of the order of
200 μg/m<sup>3</sup> and the base levels outside are of the order
of 100 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. The local heavy traffic events can
introduce aerosol levels near the ground as high as 900 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. The lidar-based total aerosol loading compares with the
hourly-averaged PM<sub>10</sub> ground observations conducted by the RAMA
monitoring network throughout Mexico City.
Adachi, K. and Buseck, P. R.: Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6469–6481, 2008.
Cooper, D. and Eichinger, W.: Structure of the atmosphere in an urban planetary boundary layer from lidar and radiosonde observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D11), 22 937–22 948, 1994.
Cooper, D. I., Leclerc, M. Y., Archuleta, J., Coulter, R., Eichinger, E. W., Kao, C. Y. J., and Nappo, C. J.: Mass Exchange in the Stable Boundary Layer by Coherent Structures, Special Issue "Tribute to Marv Wesely", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 136, 114–131, 2006.
CAM: Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire en el Valle de México 2002–2010, Comisión Ambiental Metropolitana, Mexico, 2002.
CAM: Inventario de emisiones de la atmósfera, Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México 2004, Comisión Ambiental Metropolitana, Mexico, 2006.
DeCarlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., Kimmel, J. R., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Crounse, J., Wennberg, P. O., Emmons, L., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Zhou, J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Campos, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and Central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027–4048, 2008.
de Foy, B., Fast, J. D., Paech, S. J., Phillips, D., Walters, J. T., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Kastendeuch, P. P., Marley, N. A., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Basin-scale wind transport during the MILAGRO field campaign and comparison to climatology using cluster analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1209–1224, 2008.
Del Gusta, M. and Marini, S.: On the retrieval of urban mass concentrations by a~532 and 1064 \unitnm LIDAR, J. Aerosol Sci., 31(12), 1469–1488, 2000.
Di Girolamo, P., Ambrico, P. F., Amodeo, A., Boselli, A., Pappalardo, G., Spinelli, N.: Aerosol observations by lidar in the nocturnal boundary layer, Appl. Opt., 38, 4585–4595, 1999.
Doran, J. C., Fast, J. D., Barnard, J. C., Laskin, A., Desyaterik, Y., and Gilles, M. K.: Applications of lagrangian dispersion modeling to the analysis of changes in the specific absorption of elemental carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1377–1389, 2008.
Eichinger, W. E., Holder, H. E., Cooper, D. I., Hipps, L. E., Knight, R., Kustas, W. P., Nichols, J., and Prueger, J. H.: Lidar measurement of boundary layer evolution to determine sensible heat fluxes, J. Hydrometeorol., 6(6), 840–853, 2005.
Eichinger, W. E., Cooper, D. I., Hatfield, J., Hipps, L., Nichols, J. J., Pfeiffer, R., and Prueger, J. H.: Use of elastic lidar to examine the dynamics of plume dispersion from an agricultural facility, Atmos. Environ., submitted, 2008a.
Eichinger, W., Eichinger, H., Cooper, D., Kreiger, J., and Carlson, E.: Lidar observations of high altitude activity associated with intermittent turbulence in a~stable atmosphere, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., submitted, 2008b.
Eichinger, W. and Kraye, H.: The use of lidar to evaluate existing incident managment system on I-80 in Morris, Essex, and Passaic Counties in Northern New Jersey, Report No 980004-7290, New Jersey Department of Transportation, 1998.
Eichinger, W., Buttler, W., Lebeda, C., Cooper, D., and Moses, J.: Barcelona air quality initiative, Alliance for Transportation Research, Project Document ATR 94-1, 1994.
Eichinger, W., Cooper, D., Buttler, W., Cottingame, W., and Tellier, L.: The use of lidar for the evaluation of traffic-related urban pollution, P. Soc. Photo-Opt. Inst., 2102, Bellingham, WA, 1993.
Eichinger, W., Cooper, D., Cottingame, W., Forman, P., Griegos, J., Osborn, M., Richter, D., Tellier, L., and Thornton, R.: The development of Raman water-vapor and elastic aerosol lidars for the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16(11), 1753–1766, 1999.
Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A~meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233–2257, 2007.
Holmen, B., Eichinger, W., and Flocchini, R.: Application of elastic lidar to PM$_10$ emissions from agricultural non-point sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(20), 3068–3076, 1998.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET: a~federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, 1998.
Husar, R. B. and Falke, S. R.: The relationship between aerosol light scattering and fine mass, Center for Air Pollution Impact and Trend Analysis (CAPITA) Report, http://capita.wustl.edu/CAPITA/CapitaReports/BScatFMRelation/BSCATFM.HTML, 1996.
Klett, J. D.: Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns, Appl. Opt., 20, 211–220, 1981.
Klett, J. D.: Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios, Appl. Opt., 24, 1638–1643, 1985.
Kovalev, V. A. and Eichinger, W. E.: Elastic Lidar: Theory, Practice and Analysis Methods, Wiley and Sons, New York, 2004.
Kovalev, V. A.: Lidar measurement of the vertical aerosol extinction profiles with range dependent backscatter-to-extinction ratios, Appl. Opt., 32, 6053–6065, 1993.
Kovalev, V. A.: Sensitivity of the lidar equation solution to errors in the aerosol backscatter-to-extinction ratio: influence of a~monotonic change in the aerosol extinction coefficient, Appl. Opt., 34, 3457–3462, 1995.
Kovalev, V. A.: Stable near-end solution of the lidar equation for clear atmospheres, Appl. Opt., 42, 585–591, 2003.
Lagrosas, N. et al.: Correlation study between suspended particulate matter and portable automated lidar data, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 439–454, 2005.
Mena-Carrasco, M., Carmichael, G. R., Campbell, J. E., Zimmerman, D., Tang, Y., Adhikary, B., D'allura, A., Molina, L. T., Zavala, M., García, A., Flocke, F., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A. J., Shetter, R., Apel, E., Montzka, D. D., Knapp, D. J., and Zheng, W.: Assessing the regional impacts of Mexico City emissions on air quality and chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 20283–20309, 2008.
Molina, L. T., Kolb, C. E., de Foy, B., Lamb, B. K., Brune, W. H., Jimenez, J. L., Ramos-Villegas, R., Sarmiento, J., Paramo-Figueroa, V. H., Cardenas, B., Gutierrez-Avedoy, V., and Molina, M. J.: Air quality in North America's most populous city – overview of the MCMA-2003 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2447–2473, 2007.
Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., and Singh, H. B.: Overview of MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign, IGAC Newsletter, Issue No 38, 2–15, April 2008.
Nakajima T., Tonna G., Rao, R. Z., et al.: Use of sky brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions, Appl. Opt., 35(15), 2672–2686, 1996.
Nunnermacker, L. J., Weinstein-Lloyd, J. B., Hillery, B., Giebel, B., Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Daum, P. H., Gaffney, J., Marley, N., and Huey, G.: Aircraft and ground-based measurements of hydroperoxides during the 2006 MILAGRO field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7619–7636, 2008.
Shaw, W. J., Pekour, M. S., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., and Walters, J. T.: The daytime mixing layer observed by radiosonde, profiler, and lidar during MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 15025–15065, 2007.
Shon, Z.-H., Madronich, S., Song, S.-K., Flocke, F. M., Knapp, D. J., Anderson, R. S., Shetter, R. E., Cantrell, C. A., Hall, S. R., and Tie, X.: Characteristics of the NO-\chemNO_2-\chemO_3 system in different chemical regimes during the MIRAGE-Mex field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7153–7164, 2008.
Stephens, S., Madronich, S., Wu, F., Olson, J. B., Ramos, R., Retama, A., and Muñoz, R.: Weekly patterns of México City's surface concentrations of CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, PM$_10$ and \chemO_3 during 1986–2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5313–5325, 2008.
Stone, E. A., Snyder, D. C., Sheesley, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., and Schauer, J. J.: Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO experiment 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1249–1259, 2008.
Talbot, R., Mao, H., Scheuer, E., Dibb, J., Avery, M., Browell, E., Sachse, G., Vay, S., Blake, D., Huey, G., and Fuelberg, H.: Factors influencing the large-scale distribution of Hg° in the Mexico City area and over the North Pacific, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2103–2114, 2008.
Thornhill, D. A., de Foy, B., Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Wood, E. C., Zavala, M., Molina, L. T., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., and Marr, L. C.: Spatial and temporal variability of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3093–3105, 2008.
Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Fortner, E. C., Volkamer, R. M., Molina, L., Aiken, A. C., Jimenez, J. L., Gaeggeler, K., Dommen, J., Dusanter, S., Stevens, P. S., and Tie, X.: Measurements of \chemHNO_3 and \chemN_2O_5 using ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometry during the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6823–6838, 2008.