<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-9-4727-2009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Photodegradation of secondary organic aerosol generated from limonene oxidation by ozone studied with chemical ionization mass spectrometry</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pan</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Underwood</surname>
<given-names>J. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xing</surname>
<given-names>J.-H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mang</surname>
<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nizkorodov</surname>
<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, University of California – Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697–2025, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Kyoto University Pioneering Research Unit for Next Generation, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 2125, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>24</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>4727</fpage>
<lpage>4767</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/4727/2009/acpd-9-4727-2009.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/4727/2009/acpd-9-4727-2009.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/4727/2009/acpd-9-4727-2009.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/4727/2009/acpd-9-4727-2009.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Photodegradation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA)
prepared by ozone-initiated oxidation of D-limonene is studied with an action
spectroscopy approach, which relies on detection of volatile photoproducts
with chemical ionization mass-spectrometry as a function of the UV
irradiation wavelength. Efficient photodegradation is observed for a broad
range of ozone and D-limonene concentrations (0.1–300 ppm) used in the
preparation of SOA. The observed photoproducts are dominated by oxygenated
C1-C3 compounds such as methanol, formic acid, acetaldehyde, acetic acid,
and acetone. The irradiation wavelength dependence of the combined yield of
the photoproducts closely tracks the absorption spectrum of the SOA material
suggesting that photodegradation is not limited to the UV wavelengths.
Kinetic simulations suggest that RO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;+HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/RO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; reactions
represent the dominant route to photochemically active carbonyl and peroxide
species in the limonene SOA material. Similar photodegradation processes are
likely to occur in realistic SOA produced by OH- or O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-initiated
oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds in clean air.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="41"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of biogenic volatile organic compounds: a review, Atmos. Environ., 37, S197–S219, 2003a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds, Chem. Rev., 103, 4605–4638, 2003b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bonn, B., Schuster, G., and Moortgat, G. K.: Influence of Water Vapor on the Process of New Particle Formation during Monoterpene Ozonolysis, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 2869–2881, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cai, X. and Griffin, R. J.: Secondary aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons by chlorine atoms, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14206/14201–D14206/14214, doi:10.1029/2005JD006857, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Clemitshaw, K. C., Williams, J., Rattigan, O. V., Shallcross, D. E., Law, K. S., and Cox, R. A.: Gas-phase ultraviolet absorption cross-sections and atmospheric lifetimes of several C2-C5 alkyl nitrates, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 102, 117–126, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Donahue, N. M., Hartz, K. E. H., Chuong, B., Presto, A. A., Stanier, C. O., Rosenhorn, T., Robinson, A. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Critical factors determining the variation in SOA yields from terpene ozonolysis: A combined experimental and computational study, Faraday Discuss., 130, 295–309, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Donahue, N. M., Tischuk, J. E., Marquis, B. J., and Huff Hartz, K. E.: Secondary organic aerosol from limona ketone: insights into terpene ozonolysis via synthesis of key intermediates, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 2991–2998, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Feltham, E. J., Almond, M. J., Marston, G., Ly, V. P., and Wiltshire, K. S.: Reactions of alkenes with ozone in the gas phase: a matrix-isolation study of secondary ozonides and carbonyl-containing reaction products, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 56A, 2605–2616, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., and Pitts, J. N.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, 1040~pp., 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Geron, C., Rasmussen, R., Arnts, R. R., and Guenther, A.: A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1761–1781, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Glasius, M., Lahaniati, M., Calogirou, A., Di Bella, D., Jensen, N. R., Hjorth, J., Kotzias, D., and Larsen, B. R.: Carboxylic Acids in Secondary Aerosols from Oxidation of Cyclic Monoterpenes by Ozone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1001–1010, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gomez, A., Park, J., Walser, M., Lin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: UV Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Oxidized Undecylenic Acid Films, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3584–3592, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Griffin, R. J., Cocker III, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D3), 3555–3567, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grosjean, D., Williams II, E. L.,, Grosjean, E., Andino, J. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Atmospheric oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons: reaction of ozone with b-pinene, D-limonene and trans-caryophyllene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2754–2758, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., et al.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Guzman, M. I., Colussi, A. J., and Hoffmann, M. R.: Photoinduced Oligomerization of Aqueous Pyruvic Acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3619–3626, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hakola, H., Arey, J., Aschmann, S. M., and Atkinson, R.: Product formation from the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals and O3 with a series of monoterpenes, J. Atmos. Chem., 18, 75–102, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hallquist, M., Waengberg, I., Ljungstroem, E., Barnes, I., and Becker, K.-H.: Aerosol and Product Yields from NO3 Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Selected Monoterpenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 553–559, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Harrison, A. G.: Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry, CRC Press, Inc., Boc Raton, 2nd edn., 208~pp., 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hartz, K. E. H., Rosenoeron, T., Ferchak, S. R., Raymond, T. M., Bilde, M., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Cloud condensation nuclei activation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14208/14201-D14208/14208, doi:10.1029/2004JD005754, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hearn, J. D. and Smith, G. D.: Reactions and mass spectra of complex particles using Aerosol CIMS, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 258, 95–103, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Heaton, K. J., Dreyfus, M. A., Wang, S., and Johnston, M. V.: Oligomers in the Early Stage of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Growth, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6129–6136, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hewitt, C. N. and Kok, G. L.: Formation and occurrence of organic hydroperoxides in the troposphere: laboratory and field observations, J. Atmos. Chem., 12, 181–194, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hoffmann, T., Odum, J. R., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Klockow, D., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Formation of organic aerosols from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 189–222, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Iinuma, Y., Mueller, C., Boege, O., Gnauk, T., and Herrmann, H.: The formation of organic sulfate esters in the limonene ozonolysis secondary organic aerosol (SOA) under acidic conditions, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5571–5583, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jaoui, M., Corse, E., Kleindienst, T. E., Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., and Edney, E. O.: Analysis of Secondary Organic Aerosol Compounds from the Photooxidation of d-Limonene in the Presence of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and their Detection in Ambient PM$_2.5$, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3819–3828, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Johnson, D. and Marston, G.: The gas-phase ozonolysis of unsaturated volatile organic compounds in the troposphere, Chem. Soc. Rev., 37, 699–716, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jonsson, S. M., Hallquist, M., and Ljungstroem, E.: Impact of Humidity on the Ozone Initiated Oxidation of Limonene, D3-Carene, and a-Pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 188–194, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Karlberg, A. T., Magnusson, K., and Nilsson, U.: Air oxidation of d-limonene (the citrus solvent) creates potent allergens, Contact Dermatitis, 26, 332–340, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kleno, J. and Wolkoff, P.: Changes in eye blink frequency as a measure of trigeminal stimulation by exposure to limonene oxidation products, isoprene oxidation products and nitrate radicals, Int. Arch. Occup. Envir. Health, 77, 235–243, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Koch, S., Winterhalter, R., Uherek, E., Kolloff, A., Neeb, P., and Moortgat, G. K.: Formation of new particles in the gas-phase ozonolysis of monoterpenes, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4031–4042, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Leungsakul, S., Jaoui, M., and Kamens, R. M.: Kinetic Mechanism for Predicting Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from the Reaction of d-Limonene with Ozone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 9583–9594, 2005a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Leungsakul, S., Jeffries, H. E., and Kamens, R. M.: A kinetic mechanism for predicting secondary aerosol formation from the reactions of d-limonene in the presence of oxides of nitrogen and natural sunlight, Atm. Environ., 39, 7063–7082, 2005b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Li, Q., Hu, D., Leungsakul, S., and Kamens, R. M.: Large outdoor chamber experiments and computer simulations: (I) Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of a mixture of d-limonene and alpha-pinene, Atm. Environ., 41, 9341–9352, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS): on-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels, Chem. Soc. Rev., 27, 347–354, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mang, S. A., Henricksen, D. K., Bateman, A. P., Andersen, M. P. S., Blake, D. R., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Contribution of Carbonyl Photochemistry to Aging of Atmospheric Secondary Organic Aerosol, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 8337–8344, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nazaroff, W. W. and Weschler, C. J.: Cleaning products and air fresheners: exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2841–2865, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Keywood, M. D., Bahreini, R., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Lee, A., and Goldstein, A. H.: Contribution of First- versus Second-Generation Products to Secondary Organic Aerosols Formed in the Oxidation of Biogenic Hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2283–2297, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nizkorodov, S. A., Harper, W. W., Blackmon, B. W., and Nesbitt, D. J.: Temperature dependent kinetics of the OH/HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; chain reaction by time-resolved IR laser absorption spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 3964–3973, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nojgaard, J. K., Christensen, K. B., and Wolkoff, P.: The effect on human eye blink frequency of exposure to limonene oxidation products and methacrolein, Toxicol. Lett., 156, 241–251, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Norgaard, A. W., Nojgaard, J. K., Larsen, K., Sporring, S., Wilkins, C. K., Clausen, P. A., and Wolkoff, P.: Secondary limonene endo-ozonide: a major product from gas-phase ozonolysis of R -(+)-limonene at ambient temperature, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3460–3466, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pathak, R. K., Stanier, C. O., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Ozonolysis of a-pinene at atmospherically relevant concentrations: temperature dependence of aerosol mass fractions (yields), J. Geophys. Res., 112(D3), D03201.1–D03201.8, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Presto, A. A., Huff Hartz, K. E., and Donahue, N. M.: Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Terpene Ozonolysis. 2. Effect of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; Concentration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7046–7054, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Presto, A. A. and Donahue, N. M.: Investigation of a-Pinene+Ozone Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation at Low Total Aerosol Mass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3536–3543, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Roberts, J. M., Hahn, C. J., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Warnock, J. M., Albritton, D. L., and Sievers, R. E.: Monoterpene hydrocarbons in the nighttime troposphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 364–369, 1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging, Science, 315, 1259–1262, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rohr, A. C., Weschler, C. J., Koutrakis, P., and Spengler, J. D.: Generation and quantification of ultrafine particles through terpene/ozone reaction in a chamber setting, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 37, 65–78, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rudich, Y., Donahue, N. M., and Mentel, T. F.: Aging of organic aerosol: bridging the gap between laboratory and field studies, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 58, 321–352, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Moortgat, G. K., Wine, P. H., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., Molina, M. J., Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Huie, R. E., and Orkin, V. L.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasedena, California, Evaluation Number 15, JPL Publication 06-2nd edn., 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., McKinney, K. A., and Martin, S. T.: Particle mass yield in secondary organic aerosol formed by the dark ozonolysis of α-pinene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2073–2088, 2008 Singer, B. C., Destaillats, H., Hodgson, A. T., and Nazaroff, W. W.: Cleaning products and air fresheners: emissions and resulting concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids, Indoor Air, 16, 179–191, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spittler, M., Barnes, I., Bejan, I., Brockmann, K. J., Benter, T., and Wirtz, K.: Reactions of NO3 radicals with limonene and α-pinene: Product and SOA formation, Atmos. Environ., 40, S116–S127, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sunil, V. R., Laumbach, R. J., Patel, K. J., Turpin, B. J., Lim, H.-J., Kipen, H. M., Laskin, J. D., and Laskin, D. L.: Pulmonary effects of inhaled limonene ozone reaction products in elderly rats, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 222, 211–220, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Talukdar, R. K., Burkholder, J. B., Hunter, M., Gilles, M. K., Roberts, J. M., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Atmospheric fate of several alkyl nitrates. Part 2. UV absorption cross-sections and photodissociation quantum yields, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 93, 2797–2805, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tolocka, M. P., Heaton, K. J., Dreyfus, M. A., Wang, S., Zordan, C. A., Saul, T. D., and Johnston, M. V.: Chemistry of Particle Inception and Growth during α-Pinene Ozonolysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1843–1848, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ungnade, H. E. and Smiley, R. A.: Ultraviolet absorption spectra of nitro paraffins, alkyl nitrates, and alkyl nitrites, J. Org. Chem., 21, 993–996, 1956. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> van Reken, T. M., Ng, N. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Cloud condensation nucleus activation properties of biogenic secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07206, doi:10.1029/2004JD005465 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Virkkula, A., Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., and Hjorth, J.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol formed by oxidation of limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D3), 3569–3579, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wainman, T., Zhang, J., Weschler, C. J., and Lioy, P. J.: Ozone and limonene in indoor air: a source of submicron particle exposure, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 1139–1145, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Walser, M. L., Park, J., Gomez, A. L., Russell, A. R., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Photochemical Aging of Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles Generated from the Oxidation of d-Limonene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 1907–1913, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Walser, M. L., Desyaterik, Y., Laskin, J., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: High-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of secondary organic aerosol produced by ozonation of limonene, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 1009–1022, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Weschler, C. J. and Shields, H. C.: Indoor ozone/terpene reactions as a source of indoor particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2301–2312, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wilkins, C. K., Wolkoff, P., Clausen, P. A., Hammer, M., and Nielsen, G. D.: Upper airway irritation of terpene/ozone oxidation products (TOPS). Dependence on reaction time, relative humidity and initial ozone concentration, Toxicol. Lett., 143, 109-114, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Winer, A. M., Atkinson, R., and Pitts Jr., J. N.: Gaseous nitrate radical: possible nighttime atmospheric sink for biogenic organic compounds, Science, 224, 156–159, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wolkoff, P., Clausen, P. A., Wilkins, C. K., and Nielsen, G. D.: Formation of strong airway irritants in terpene/ozone mixtures, Indoor Air, 10, 82–91, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wolkoff, P., Clausen, P. A., Larsen, K., Hammer, M., Larsen, S. T., and Nielsen, G. D.: Acute airway effects of ozone-initiated d-limonene chemistry: Importance of gaseous products, Toxicol. Lett., 181, 171–176, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Yu, Y., Ezell, M. J., Zelenyuk, A., Imre, D., Alexander, L., Ortega, J., D&apos;Anna, B., Harmon, C. W., Johnson, S. N., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Photooxidation of alpha-pinene at high relative humidity in the presence of increasing concentrations of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5044–5060, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, J., Huff Hartz, K. E., Pandis, S. N., and Donahue, N. M.: Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Limonene Ozonolysis: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Influences as a Function of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 11053–11063, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhu, L. and Kellis, D.: Temperature dependence of the UV absorption cross sections and photodissociation products of C3-C5 alkyl nitrates, Chem. Phys. Lett., 278, 41–48, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>