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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-9-23623-2009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Finding the missing stratospheric Br&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;: a global modeling study of CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liang</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stolarski</surname>
<given-names>R. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kawa</surname>
<given-names>S. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nielsen</surname>
<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rodriguez</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Douglass</surname>
<given-names>A. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Blake</surname>
<given-names>D. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Atlas</surname>
<given-names>E. L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ott</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, Code 613.3, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Oak Ridge Associated Universities, NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>University of California, 570 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>23623</fpage>
<lpage>23664</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/23623/2009/acpd-9-23623-2009.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/23623/2009/acpd-9-23623-2009.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/23623/2009/acpd-9-23623-2009.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/23623/2009/acpd-9-23623-2009.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Recent in situ and satellite measurements suggest a contribution of ~5 pptv
 to stratospheric inorganic bromine from short-lived bromocarbons. We
conduct a modeling study of the two most important short-lived bromocarbons,
bromoform (CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and dibromomethane (CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), with the
Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry Climate Model (GEOS CCM) to account
for this missing stratospheric bromine. We derive a &quot;top-down&quot; emission
estimate of CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; using airborne measurements in
the Pacific and North American troposphere and lower stratosphere (LS)
obtained during previous NASA aircraft campaigns. Our emission estimate
suggests that to reproduce the observed concentrations in the free
troposphere, a global oceanic emission of 425 Gg Br yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; for CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
and 57 Gg Br yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; for CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is needed, with 60% of
emissions from open ocean and 40% from coastal regions. Although our
simple emission scheme assumes no seasonal variations, the model reproduces
the observed seasonal variations of the short-lived bromocarbons with high
concentrations in winter and low concentrations in summer. This indicates
that the seasonality of short-lived bromocarbons is largely due to
seasonality in their chemical loss and transport. The inclusion of
CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; contributes ~5 pptv bromine
throughout the stratosphere. Both the source gases and inorganic bromine
produced from the source gas degradation (Br&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;VSLS&lt;/sup&gt;) in the
troposphere are transported into the stratosphere, and are equally
important. Inorganic bromine accounts for half (2.5 pptv) of the bromine
from the inclusion of CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; near the tropical
tropopause and its contribution rapidly increases to ~100% as
altitude increases. More than 85% of the wet scavenging of
Br&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;VSLS&lt;/sup&gt; occurs in large-scale precipitation below 500 hPa and
Br&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;VSLS&lt;/sup&gt; in the stratosphere is not sensitive to convection.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="42"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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