Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
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10.5194/acpd-9-19103-2009
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/19103/2009/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/19103/2009/acpd-9-19103-2009.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/19103/2009/acpd-9-19103-2009.pdf
19103
19157
2009-09-15
Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities
J. D. Allan
james.allan@manchester.ac.uk
P. I. Williams
W. T. Morgan
C. L. Martin
M. J. Flynn
J. Lee
E. Nemitz
G. J. Phillips
M. W. Gallagher
H. Coe
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
Organic matter frequently represents the single largest
fraction of fine particulates in urban environments and yet
the exact contributions from different sources and processes
remain uncertain, owing in part to its substantial chemical
complexity. Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) has recently
proved to be a powerful tool for the purposes of source
attribution and profiling when applied to ambient organic
aerosol data from the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
(AMS). Here we present PMF analysis applied to AMS data from
UK cities for the first time. Three datasets are analysed,
with the focus on objectivity and consistency. The data were
collected in London during the Regent's Park and Tower
Environmental Experiment (REPARTEE) intensives and
Manchester. These occurred during the autumn and wintertime,
such that the primary fraction would be prominent. Ambiguities
associated with rotationality within sets of potential
solutions are explored and the most appropriate solution sets
selected based on comparisons with external data. In addition
to secondary organic aerosols, three candidate sources of
primary organic aerosol (POA) were identified according to
mass spectral and diurnal profiles; traffic emissions, cooking
and solid fuel burning. Traffic represented, on average, 40% of POA during colder conditions and exhibited
a hydrocarbon-like mass spectrum similar to those previously
reported. Cooking aerosols represented 34% of POA and
through laboratory work, their profile was matched with that
sampled from the heating of seed oils, rather than
previously-published spectra derived from charbroiling. This
suggests that in these locations, oil from frying may have
contributed more to the particulate than the meat
itself. Solid fuel aerosols represented 26% of POA during
cold weather conditions but were not discernable during the
first REPARTEE experiment, when conditions were warmer than
the other campaigns. This factor showed features associated
with biomass burning and occurred mainly at night. Grid-scale
emission factors of the combustion aerosols suitable for use
in chemical transport models were derived relative to CO and
NO<sub>x</sub>. The traffic aerosols were found to be
14.4 μg m<sup>−3</sup> ppm<sup>−1</sup> relative to CO for
Manchester and 28 μg m<sup>−3</sup> ppm<sup>−1</sup> relative
to NO<sub>x</sub> for London. Solid fuel emissions were derived
as 17.3 μg m<sup>−3</sup> ppm<sup>−1</sup> relative to CO for
Manchester. These correspond to mass emission ratios of 0.012,
0.021 (as NO) and 0.014 respectively and are of a similar
order to previously published estimates, derived from other
regions or using other approaches.
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