Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net 1680-7367 1680-7375 9 5 2009 10.5194/acpd-9-17937-2009 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/17937/2009/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/17937/2009/acpd-9-17937-2009.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/17937/2009/acpd-9-17937-2009.pdf 17937 17962 2009-09-01 Annual cycle of ozone at and above the tropical tropopause: observations versus simulations with the Chemical Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) P. Konopka p.konopka@fz-juelich.de J.-U. Grooß G. Günther F. Plöger R. Pommrich R. Müller N. Livesey Forschungszentrum Jülich (ICG-1: Stratosphere), Germany Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institue of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA Multi-annual simulations with the Chemical Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) are used to study the seasonality of O₃ and of the mean age within the stratospheric part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) In agreement with satellite (HALOE) and in-situ observations (SHADOZ), CLaMS simulations show above ≈360 K potential temperature, a pronounced annual cycle in O₃ and in the mean age of air with highest values in the late boreal summer. Within the model, this seasonality is driven by the seasonality of both upwelling and in-mixing. The latter process describes enhanced meridional transport from the extratropics into the TTL. The strongest in-mixing occurs from the Northern Hemisphere during the boreal summer in the potential temperature range between 380 and 420 K. Contrary, an increase of upwelling with highest values in winter reduces O₃ up to the lowest values in early spring. Both, CLaMS simulations and Aura MLS O₃ observations show that this enhanced equatorward transport in summer is mainly driven by the Asian monsoon anticyclone. Avallone, L M. and Prather, M J.: Tracer-tracer correlations: Three-dimensional model simulations and comparisons to observations, J Geophys. Res., 102, 19233–19246, 1997. Chae, J H. and Sherwood, S C.: Annual temperature cycle of the tropical tropopause: A simple model study, J Geophys. Res., 112, 1–10, 2007. Chen, P.: Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J Geophys. Res., 100, 16661–16673, 1995. Dethof, A., O'Neill, A., Slingo, J M., and Smit, H G J.: A mechanism for moistening the lower stratosphere involving the Asian summer monsoon, Q J Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 556(125), 1079–1106, 1999. Folkins, I., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J., Oltmans, S J., and Proffitt, M.: A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 104, 22095–22102, 1999. Folkins, I., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Lesins, G., Livesey, N., Thompson, A M., Walter, K., and Witte, J C.: Seasonal cycles of O₃, CO, and convective outflow at the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16802, doi:10.1029/2006GL026602, 2006. Fueglistaler, S., Legras, B., Beljaars, A., Morcrette, J.-J., Simmons, A., Tompkins, A M., and Uppapla, S.: The diabatic heat budget of the upper troposphere and lower/mid stratosphere in ECMWF reanalysis, Q J Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 110, 1–27, doi:10.1002/qj.000, 2008. Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A E., Dunkerton, T J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Motte, P W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., \em RG1004\/, \doi10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009. Gettelman, A., de~F Fujiwara, P M., Fu, Q., Vömel, H., Gohar, L K., Johanson, C., and Aaammerman, M.: Radiation balance of the tropical tropopause layer, J Geophys. Res., 109(D07103), doi:10.1029/2003JD004190, 2004. Grooß, J.-U. and Russell~III, J M.: Technical note: A stratospheric climatology for O₃, H₂O, CH₄, NO_x, HCl and HF derived from HALOE measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2797–2807, 2005. Haynes, P. and Shuckburgh, E.: Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport, 2, Troposphere and lower stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 105, 22795–22810, 2000. Konopka, P., Günther, G., Müller, R., dos Santos, F. H. S., Schiller, C., Ravegnani, F., Ulanovsky, A., Schlager, H., Volk, C. M., Viciani, S., Pan, L. L., McKenna, D.-S., and Riese, M.: Contribution of mixing to upward transport across the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3285–3308, 2007. Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., Plöger, F., and Müller, R.: Annual cycle of horizontal in-mixing into the TTL, J Geophys. Res., in press, 2009. Livesey, N J., Filipiak, M J., Froidevaux, L., Read, W G., Lambert, A., Santee, M L., Jiang, J H., Pumphrey, H C., Waters, J W., Cofield, R E., Cuddy, D T., Daffer, W H., Drouin, B J., Fuller, R A., Jarnot, R F., Jiang, Y B., Knosp, B W., Li, Q B., Perun, V S., Schwartz, M J., Snyder, W V., Stek, P C., Thurstans, R P., Wagner, P A., Avery, M., Browell, E V., Cammas, J.-P., Christensen, L E., Diskin, G S., Gao, R.-S., Jost, H.-J., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J D., Nedelec, P., Osterman, G B., Sachse, G W., and Webster, C R.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O₃ and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 113, D15S02, doi:10.1029/2007JD008805, 2008. Mahowald, N M., Plumb, R A., Rasch, P J., del Corral, J., and Sassi, F.: Stratospheric transport in a three-dimensional isentropic coordinate model, J Geophys. Res., 107(D15), 4254, doi:10.1029/2001JD001313, 2002. Marcy, T P., Popp, P J., Gao, R S., Fahey, D W., Ray, E A., Richard, E C., Thompson, T L., Atlas, E L., Loewenstein, M., Wofsy, S C., Park, S., Weinstock, E M., Swart, W H., and Mahoney, M J.: Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7253–7261, 2007. McKenna, D S., Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Spang, R., Offermann, D., and Orsolini, Y.: A new Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS): 1. Formulation of advection and mixing, J Geophys. Res., 107(D16), 4309, doi:10.1029/2000JD000114, 2002. Morcrette, J.-J.: Radiation and Cloud Radiative Properties in the European Centre for \mboxMedium-Range Weather Forecasts Forecasting System, J Geophys. Res., 96(D5), 9121–9132, 1991. Mote, P W., Dunkerton, T J., McIntyre, M E., Ray, E A., Haynes, P H., and Russell~III, J M.: Vertical velocity, vertical diffusion, and dilution by midlatitude air in the tropical lower stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 103, 8651–8666, 1998. Niwano, M., Yamazaki, K., and Shiotani, M.: Seasonal and QBO variations of ascent rate in the tropical lower stratosphere as inferred from UARS HALOE trace gas data, J Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4794, doi:10.1029/2003JD003871, 2003. Park, M., Randel, W J., Emmons, L K., Bernath, P F., Walker, K A., and Boone, C D.: Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data, J Geophys. Res., 112(D16309), doi:10.1029/2006JD008294, 2007. Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., and Boone, C. D.: Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 757–764, 2008. Plöger, F., Konopka, P., Günther, G., Grooß, J.-U., and Müller, R.: Impact of the vertical velocity scheme on modeling transport across the tropical tropopause layer, J Geophys. Res., submitted, 2009. Plumb, R A.: A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J Geophys. Res., 101, 3957–3972, 1996. Randel, W J. and Park, M.: Deep convective influence on the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone and associated tracer variability observed with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), J Geophys. Res., 111, D12314, doi:10.1029/2005JD006490, 2006. Randel, W J., Park, M., Wu, F., and Livesey, N.: A large annual cycle in ozone above the tropical tropopause linked to the Brewer-Dobson circulation, J Atmos. Sci., 64, 4479–4488, 2007. Read, W. G., Schwartz, M. J., Lambert, A., Su, H., Livesey, N. J., Daffer, W. H., and Boone, C. D.: The roles of convection, extratropical mixing, and in-situ freeze-drying in the Tropical Tropopause Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6051–6067, 2008. Ricaud, P., Barret, B., Attié, J.-L., Motte, E., Le Flochmo\"en, E., Teyssèdre, H., Peuch, V.-H., Livesey, N., Lambert, A., and Pommereau, J.-P.: Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5639–5657, 2007. Rosenlof, K H.: Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 100, 5173–5191, 1995. Schoeberl, M R., Kawa, S R., Douglass, A R., Waters, J., Livesey, N., Read, W., and Filipiak, M.: The carbon monoxide tape recorder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12811, doi:10.1029/2006GL026178, 2006. Schoeberl, M R., Douglass, A R., Newman, P A., Lait, L R., Lary, D., Waters, J., Livesey, N., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Read, W., Filipiak, M J., and Pumphrey, H C.: QBO and annual cycle variations in tropical lower stratosphere trace gases from HALOE and Aura MLS observations, J Geophys. Res., 113, D05301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008678, 2008. Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Höpfner, M., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kleinert, A., Linden, A., Milz, M., Reddmann, T., Steck, T., Fischer, H., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., and Engel, A.: Global distribution of mean age of stratospheric air from MIPAS~SF6 measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 677–695, 2008. Thompson, A M., Witte, J C., Smit, H G J., Oltmans, S J., Johnson, B J., Kirchhoff, V W., and Schmidlin, F J.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998–2004 tropical ozone climatology: 3 Instrumentation, station-to-station variability, and evaluation with simulated flight profiles, J Geophys. Res., 112(D03304), 1297–1300, doi:10.1029/2005JD007042, 2007. Tuck, A F., Baumgardner, D., Chan, K R., Dye, J E., Elkins, J W., Hovde, S J., Kelly, K K., Loewenstein, M., Margitan, J J., May, R D., Podolske, J R., Proffitt, M H., Rosenlof, K H., Smith, W L., Webster, C R., and Wilson, J C.: The Brewer-Dobson circulation in the light of high altitude in situ aircraft observation, Q J Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1–69, 1997. Volk, C M., Elkins, J W., Fahey, D W., Salawitch, R J., Dutton, G S., Gilligan, J M., Proffitt, M H., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J R., Minschwaner, K., Margitan, J J., and Chan, K R.: Quantifying transport between the tropical and mid-latitude lower stratosphere, Science, 272, 1763–1768, 1996. Waugh, D W. and Hall, T M.: Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models, Rev. Geophys., 40(4), 1–27, 2002. Wennberg, P O., Hanisco, T F., Jaegle, L., Jacob, D J., Hintsa, E J., Lanzendorf, E J., Anderson, J G., Gao, R S., Keim, E R., Donnelly, S G., Del Negro, L A., Fahey, D W., MsKeen, S A., Salawitch, R J., Webster, C R., May, R D., Herman, R L., Proffitt, M H., Margitan, J J., Atlas, E L., Schauffler, S M., Flocke, F., McElroy, C T., and Bui, T P.: Hydrogen Radicals, Nitrogen Radicals, and the Production of O₃ in the Upper Troposphere, Science, 279, 49–53, 1998.