<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-9-16441-2009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aerosol distribution around Svalbard during intense easterly winds</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dörnbrack</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stachlewska</surname>
<given-names>I. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ritter</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Neuber</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, 82230 Wessling, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Forschungsstelle Potsdam, Telegraphenberg 43A, 14473 Potsdam, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>16441</fpage>
<lpage>16481</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/16441/2009/acpd-9-16441-2009.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/16441/2009/acpd-9-16441-2009.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/16441/2009/acpd-9-16441-2009.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/16441/2009/acpd-9-16441-2009.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper reports on backscatter and depolarization measurements by an
airborne lidar in the Arctic during the ASTAR 2004 campaign. A unique
weather situation facilitated the observation of the aerosol concentration
under strongly forced atmospheric conditions. The vigorous easterly winds
distorted the flow past Svalbard in such a way that unique mesoscale
features were visible in the remote-sensing observations. Mesoscale
numerical modelling was applied to identify the sources of the aerosol
plumes and to explain the observed patterns.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="41"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Clarke, A. D., Owens, S. R., and Zhou, J.: An ultra-fine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06202, doi:10.1029/2005JD006565, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dörnbrack, A., Doyle, J. D., Lane, T. P., Sharman, R. D., and Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: On physical realizability and uncertainty of numerical solutions, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 6, 118–122, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Doyle, J. D. and Shapiro, M. A.: Flow response to large-scale topography: the Greenland tip jet, Tellus, 51A, 728–748, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Engvall, A.-C., Krejci, R., Ström, J., Minikin, A., Treffeisen, R., Stohl, A., and Herber, A.: In-situ airborne observations of the microphysical properties of the Arctic tropospheric aerosol during late spring and summer, Tellus B, 60, 392–404, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fernald, F. G.: Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: some comments, Appl. Opt., 23, 652–653, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Garrett, T. J., Radke, L. F., and Hobbs, P. V.: Aerosol effects on cloud emissivity and surface longwave heating in the Arctic, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 769–778, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hara, K., Yamagata, S., Yamanouchi, T., Sato, K., Herber, A., Iwasaka, Y., Nagatani, M., and Nakata, H.: Mixing states of individual aerosol particles in spring Arctic troposphere during ASTAR 2000 campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 4209, doi:10.1029/2002JD002513, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Klett, J. D.: Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns, Appl. Opt., 20, 211–220, 1981. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Klett, J. D.: Lidar inversions with variable backscatter/extinction values, Appl. Opt., 24, 211–220, 1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lewis, E. R. and Schwartz, S. E.: Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models – A Critical Review, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, Geophys. Monogr., 152, 413 pp., 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lubin, D. and Vogelmann, A. M.: A climatologically signifant aerosol longwave indirect effect in the Arctic, Nature, 439, 453–456, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Margolin, L. G., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and Sorbjan, Z.: Large-eddy simulations of convective boundary layers using nonoscillatory differencing, Physica D., 133, 390–397, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ničkovi\&apos;c, S. and Dobriči\&apos;c, S.: A model for long- range transport of desert dust, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2537–2544, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Orr, A., Hunt, J., Capon, R., Sommeria, J., Cresswell, D., and Owinoh, A.: Coriolis effects on wind jets and cloudiness along coasts, Weather, 60, 291–299, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pickart, R. S., Spall, M. A., Ribergaard, M. H., Moore, G. W. K., and Milliff, R. F.: Deep convection in the Irminger Sea forced by the Greenland tip jet, Nature, 424, 152–156, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pierrehumbert, R. T.: Stratified ageostrophic flow over two-dimensional topography in an unbounded atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 523–526, 1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Prusa, J. M. and Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: An all-scale anelastic model for geophysical flows: dynamic grid deformation, J. Comp. Phys., 190, 601–622, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Prusa, J. M., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and Wyszogradski, A. A: EULAG, a computational model for multiscale flows, Computer &amp; Fluids, 37, 1193–1207, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Radke, L. F., Lyons, J. H., Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., and Bailey, I. H.: Airborne observations of arctic aerosols.1: Characteristics of Arctic haze, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 393–396, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rinke, A., Dethloff, K., and Fortmann, M.: Regional climate effects of Arctic haze, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16202, doi:10.1029/2004GL020318r, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ritter C., Notholt, J., Fischer, J., and Rathke, C.: Direct thermal radiative forcing of tropospheric aerosol in the Arctic measured by ground based infrared spectrometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23816, doi:10.1029/2005GL024331, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ritter, C., Stachlewska, I. S., and Neuber, R.: Application of the two-stream evaluation for a case study of Arctic Haze over Spitsbergen, in Proceedings of 23nd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2006 in Nara, Japan), edited by: Nagasawa, C. and Sugimoto, N., 1, 507–510, ISBN 4-9902916-0-3, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sandvik, A. D. and Furevik, B. R.: Case study of a coastal jet at Spitsbergen – Comparison of SAR- and model-estimated wind, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 1040–1051, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Schär, C.: Mesoscale mountains and the large-scale atmospheric dynamics: A review, in: =Meteorology at the Millenium, Academic Press, 29–42, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Schnell, R. C.: Arctic haze and the ARCTIC GAS AND AEROSOL SAMPLING PROGRAM (AGASP), Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 361–364, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Schnell, R. C., Barry, R. G., Miles, M. W., Andreas, E. L., Radke, L. F., Brockm, C. A., McCormick, M. P., and Moore, J. L.: Lidar detection of leads in Arctic sea ice, Nature, 359, 530–532, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Schwartz, S. E. and Andreae, M. O.: Uncertainty in climate change caused by aerosols, Science, 272, 1121–1122, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Skeie, P. and Grøn&amp;aring;s, S.: Strongly stratified easterly flows across Spitsbergen, Tellus, 52A, 473–486, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Margolin, L. G.: On forward-in-time differencing for fluids: An Eulerian/semi-Lagrangian nonhydrostatic model for stratified flows, Atmos. Ocean Special, 35, 127–152, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Margolin, L. G.: MPDATA: A finite-difference solver for geophysical flows, J. Comput. Phys., 140, 459–480, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Temperton, C., Thomas, S. J., and Wyszogrodzki, A. A.: Spectral Preconditioners for nonhydrostatic atmospheric models: extreme applications, ECMWF Seminar Series on \it Recent developments in numerical methods for atmospheric and ocean modelling, 6–10~September~2004, Reading, UK (online: http://www.ecmwf.int/publications/library), 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Prusa, J. M.: Towards mesh adaptivity for geophysical turbulence: contininous mapping approach, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 47, 789–801, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sorbjan, Z.: Numerical study of penetrative and &quot;solid lid&quot; nonpenetrative convective boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 101–112, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Stachlewska, I. S., Wehrle, G., Stein, B., and Neuber, R.: Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar for measurements of Arctic aerosols, Reviewed Papers 22nd ILRC, ESA, SP-561, 1, 87–89, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Stachlewska, I. S., Ritter, C., and Neuber, R.: Application of the two-stream inversion algorithm for retrieval of extinction, backscatter and lidar ratio for clean and polluted Arctic air, in Proceedings of SPIE, Vol 5584, 03/1–03/8, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Thomason, L. W., Herber, A. B., Yamanouchi, T., and Sato, K.: Arctic study on tropospheric aerosol and radiation: comparison of tropospheric aerosol extinction profiles measured by airborne photometer and SAGE II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, L1328, doi:10.1029/2002GL016453, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Treffeisen, R., Herber, A., Ström, J., Shiobara, M., Yamanouchi, T., Yamagata, S., Holmen, K., Kriews, M., and Schrems, O.: Interpretation of Arctic aerosol properties using cluster analysis applied to observations in the Svalbard area, Tellus, 56B, 457–476, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Yamanouchi, T., Treffeisen, R., Herber, A., Shiobara, M., Yamagata, S., Hara, K., Sato, K., Yabuki, M., Tomikawa, Y., Rinke, A., Neuber, R., Schumacher, R., Kriews, M., Ström, J., Schrems, O., and Gernhardt, H.: Arctic study of tropospheric aerosol and radiation (ASTAR) 2000: Arctic haze case study, Tellus, 57B, 141–152, 2005.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Yang, X., Pyle, J. A., and Cox, R. A.: Sea salt aerosol production and bromine release: Role of snow on ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16815, doi:10.1029/2008GL034536, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>