Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net
1680-7367
1680-7375
9
3
2009
10.5194/acpd-9-13299-2009
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/13299/2009/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/13299/2009/acpd-9-13299-2009.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/13299/2009/acpd-9-13299-2009.pdf
13299
13325
2009-06-17
Global carbon tetrachloride distributions obtained from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)
N. D. C. Allen
ndca500@york.ac.uk
P. F. Bernath
C. D. Boone
M. P. Chipperfield
D. Fu
G. L. Manney
G. C. Toon
D. K. Weisenstein
Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
The first study of the global atmospheric distribution of carbon
tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>), as a function of altitude and latitude, was
performed using solar occultation measurements obtained by the Atmospheric
Chemistry Experiment (ACE) mission using Fourier transform spectroscopy. A
total of 8703 profile measurements were used in the study taken between
February 2004 and August 2007. The zonal distribution of carbon
tetrachloride displays a slight hemispheric asymmetry and decreasing
concentration with increasing altitude at all latitudes. Maximum carbon
tetrachloride concentrations are situated below 10 km in altitude with VMR (Volume Mixing Ratio)
values of 100–130 ppt (parts per trillion). The highest concentrations are
located about the equator and at mid-latitudes, particularly for latitudes
in heavily industrialised regions (20–45° N), with values declining
towards the poles. Global distributions obtained from ACE were compared with
predictions from three chemistry transport models. The ACE dataset gives
unique global and temporal coverage of carbon tetrachloride and its
transport through the atmosphere. An estimated lifetime for carbon
tetrachloride of 34±5 years was determined through correlation with
CFC-11.
Altshuller, A. P.: Average Tropospheric Concentration of Carbon Tetrachloride Based on Industrial Production, Usage, and Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 10, 596–598, 1976.
Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Boone, C. P., Bernath, P. F., and Suntharalingam, P.: Global distributions of carbonyl sulfide in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14810, doi:10.1029/2008GL034270, 2008.
Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., et al.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission Overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.
Blake, D. R., Chen, T.-Y, Smith Jr., T. W., Wang, C. J.- L, Wingenter, O. W., Blake, N. J., Rowland, F. S., and Meyer E. W.: Three-dimensional distribution of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the northwestern Pacific during the 1991 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-West A), J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1763–1778, 1996.
Blake, N. J., Blake, D. R., Simpson, I. J., et al.: NMHCs and halocarbons in Asian continental outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) Field Campaign: Comparison With PEM-West B, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8806, doi:10.1029/2002JD003367, 2003.
Boone, C. D., Nassar, R., Walker, K. A., Rochon, Y., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., and Bernath, P. F.: Retrievals for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer, Appl. Opt., 44, 7218–7231, 2005.
Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., and Bernath, P. F.: Speed-dependent Voigt profile for water vapour in infrared remote sensing applications, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 105, 525–532, 2007.
Brown, L. R., Gunson, M. R., Toth, R. A., Irion, F. W., Rinsland, C. P., and Goldman, A.: 1995 Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) linelist, Appl. Opt., 35, 2828–2848, 1996.
Butler, J. H., Battle, M., Bender, M. L., Montzka, S. A., Clarke, A. D., Saltzmank, E. S., Sucher, C. M., Severinghaus, J. P., and Elkins, J. W.: A record of atmospheric halocarbons during the twentieth century from polar firn air, Nature, 399, 749–755, 1999.
Chang, A. Y., Salawitch, R. J., Michelsen, H. A., et al.: A comparison of measurements from ATMOS and instruments aboard the ER-2 aircraft: Halogenated gases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2393–2396, 1996.
Chipperfield, M. P.: Multiannual Simulations with a Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1781–1805, 1999.
Chipperfield, M. P.: New Version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT Off-Line Chemical Transport Model: Intercomparison of Stratospheric Tracer Experiments, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 1179–1203, doi:10.1256/qj.05.51, 2006.
Davies, T., Cullen, M. J. P., Malcolm, A. J., Mawson, M. H., Staniforth, A., White, A. A., and Wood, N.: A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1759–1782, 2005.
Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G., and Shanklin, J. D.: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO<sub>x</sub>/NO<sub>x</sub> interaction, Nature, 315, 207–210, 1985.
Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Dorf, M., Pfeilsticker, K., and Ricaud, P.: Mid-latitude Ozone Changes: Studies with a 3-D CTM Forced by ERA-40 Analyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2357–2369, 2007.
Fleming, E. L., Jackman, C. H., Stolarski, R. S., and Considine, D. B.: Simulation of stratospheric tracers using an improved empirically-based two-dimensional model transport formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23911–23934, 1999.
Galbally, I. E.: Man-Made Carbon Tetrachloride in the Atmosphere, Science, 193, 573–576, 1976.
Happell, J. D. and Roche, M. P.: Soils: A global sink of atmospheric carbon tetrachloride, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1088, doi:10.1029/2002GL015957, 2003.
Kochel, J.-M., Hartmann, J.-M., Camy-Peyret, C., Rodrigues, R., and Payan, S.: Influence of line mixing on absorption by CO2 Q branches in atmospheric balloon-borne spectra near 13 $\mu $m, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12891–12899, 1997.
Lovelock J. E. and Maggs R. J.: Halogenated Hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic, Nature, 241, 194–196, 1973.
Manney, G. L., Daffer, W. H., Zawodny, J. M., Bernath, P. F., Hoppel, K. W., Walker, K. A., Knosp, B.W., Boone, C., Remsberg, E. E., Santee, M. L., Harvey, V. L., Pawson, S., Jackson, D. R., Deaver, L., McElroy, C. T., McLinden, C. A., Drummond, J. R., Pumphrey, H. C., Lambert, A., Schwartz, M. J., Froidevaux, L., McLeod, S., Takacs, L. L., Suarez, M. J., Trepte, C. R., Cuddy, C. D., Livesey, N. J., Harwood, R. S., and Waters, J. W.: Solar occultation satellite data and derived meteorological products: Sampling issues and comparisons with Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S50, doi:10.1029/2007JD008709, 2007.
Martinerie, P., Nourtier-Mazauric, E., Barnola, J.-M., Sturges, W. T., Worton, D. R., Atlas, E., Gohar, L. K., Shine, K. P., and Brasseur, G. P.: Long-lived halocarbon trends and budgets from atmospheric chemistry modelling constrained with measurements in polar firn, Atmos. Chem. Phys., Discuss., 9, 1703–1726, 2009.
Molina, M. J. and Rowland, F. S.: Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone, Nature, 249, 810–812, 1974.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its Amendments and Adjustments, 1987.
Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Ray, E. A., et al.: Balloonborne in situ gas chromatograph for measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8330, doi:10.1029/2001JD000891, 2003.
Montzka, S. A., Butler, J. H., Elkins, J. W., Thompson, T. M., Clarke, A. D., and Lock, L. T.: Present and future trends in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting halogens, Nature, 398, 690–694, 1999.
Nassar, R., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Manney, G. L., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., Skelton, R., and Walker, K. A.: ACE-FTS measurements across the edge of the winter 2004 Arctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S05, doi:10.1029/2005GL022671, 2005.
Nemtchinov, V. and Varanasi, P.: Thermal infrared absorption cross-sections of CCl<sub>4</sub> needed for atmospheric remote sensing, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 82, 473–481, 2003.
Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Mickley, L. J., Blake, D. R., Sachse, G. W., Fuelberg, H. E., and Kiley, C. M.: Eastern Asian emissions of anthropogenic halocarbons deduced from aircraft concentration data, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4753, doi:10.1029/2003JD003591, 2003.
Prinn, R. G., et al.: A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17751–17792, 2000.
Plumb, R. A. and Ko, M. K. W.: Interrelationships between mixing ratios of long-lived stratospheric constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10145–10156, 1992.
Romashkin, P. A., Hurst, D. F., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Fahey, D. W., Dunn, R. E., Moore, F. L., Myers, R. C., and Hall, B. D.: In Situ Measurements of Long-Lived Trace Gases in the Lower Stratosphere by Gas Chromatography, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 1195–1204, 2000.
Rothman, L. S., Jacquemarta, D., Barbe, A., et al.: The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 96, 139–204, 2005.
Simmonds, P. G., Cunnold, D. M., Alyea, F. N., Cardelino, C. A., Crawford, A. J., Prinn, R. G., Fraser, P. J., Rasmussen, R. A., and Rosen, R. D.: Carbon Tetrachloride Lifetimes and Emissions Determined from Daily Global Measurements During 1978–1985, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 35–58, 1988.
Simmonds, P. G., Cunnold, D. M., Weiss, R. F., Miller, B. R., Prinn, R. G., Fraser, P. J., McCulloch, A., Alyea, F. N., and O'Doherty, S.: Global trends and emission estimates of CCl<sub>4</sub> from in situ background observations from July 1978 to June 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16017–16027, 1998.
Singh, H. B., Fowler, D. P., and Peyton, T. O.: Atmospheric Carbon Tetrachloride: Another Man-Made Pollutant, Science, 192, 1231–1234, 1976.
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Alley, R. B., Berntsen, T., Bindoff, N. L., Chen, Z., Chidthaisong, A., Gregory, J. M., Hegerl, G. C., Heimann, M., Hewitson, B., Hoskins, B. J., Joos, F., Jouzel, J., Kattsov, V., Lohmann, U., Matsuno, T., Molina, M., Nicholls, N., Overpeck, J., Raga, G., Ramaswamy, V., Ren, J., Rusticucci, M., Somerville, R., Stocker, T.F., Whetton, P., Wood, R. A., and Wratt, D.: Technical Summary, In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Strahan, S. E., Duncan, B. N., and Hoor, P.: Observationally derived transport diagnostics for the lowermost stratosphere and their application to the GMI chemistry and transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2435–2445, 2007.
Sturrock, G. A., Etheridge, D. M., Trudinger, C. M., Fraser, P. J., and Smith, A. M.: Atmospheric histories of halocarbons from analysis of Antarctic firn air: Major Montreal Protocol species, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4765, doi:10.1029/2002JD002548, 2002.
Swinbank, R. and O'Neill, A.: A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 686–702, 1994.
Swinbank, R., Ingleby, N. B., Boorman, P. M., and Renshaw, R. J.: A 3-D variational data assimilation system for the stratosphere and troposphere, Tech. Rep. 71, Met Office Numerical Weather Prediction Forecasting Research Scientific Paper, 2002.
Toon, G. C.: The JPL MkIV Interferometer, Optics and Photonics News, 2, 19–21, 1991.
Toon, G. C., Blavier, J. F., Sen, B., et al.: Comparison of MkIV balloon and ER-2 aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26779–26790, 1999.
Velders, G. J. M., Andersen, S. O., Daniel, J. S., Fahey, D. W., and McFarland, M.: The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate, PNAS, 104, 4814–4819, 2007.
Volk, C. M., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Dutton, G. S., Gilligan, J. M., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chance, K. R., and Gunson, M. R.: Evaluation of source gas lifetimes from stratospheric observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25543–25564, 1997.
Weisenstein, D. K., Eluszkiewicz, J., Ko, M. K. W., Scott, C. J., Jackman, C. H., Fleming, E. L., Considine, D. B., Kinnison, D. E., Connell, P. S., and Rotman, D. A.: Separating chemistry and transport effects in 2-D models, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18310, doi:10.1029/2004JD004744, 2004.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002, Geneva, 2003.
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO): Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.
Yvon-Lewis, S. A. and Butler, J. H.: The effect of oceanic uptake on the atmospheric lifetime of selected trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4414, doi:10.1029/2001JD001267, 2002.
Zhou, D. K., Bingham, G. E., Anderson, G. P., and Nadile, R. M.: CIRRIS-1A measurements of stratospheric carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_4)$ and carbon tetrafluoride (CF$_4)$, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 325–328, 1998.