Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net 1680-7367 1680-7375 9 3 2009 10.5194/acpd-9-11221-2009 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/11221/2009/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/11221/2009/acpd-9-11221-2009.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/11221/2009/acpd-9-11221-2009.pdf 11221 11268 2009-05-05 Two years of Ozone radio soundings over Cotonou as part of AMMA: overview V. Thouret valerie.thouret@aero.obs-mip.fr M. Saunois A. Minga A. Mariscal B. Sauvage A. Solete D. Agbangla P. Nédélec C. Mari C. E. Reeves H. Schlager Université de Toulouse, UPS, LA (Laboratoire d'Aérologie), 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France CNRS, LA (Laboratoire d'Aérologie), 31400 Toulouse, France Faculté des Sciences, Université Marien NGouabi, BP 2702 Brazzaville, Congo Agence pour la SECurité de la Navigation Aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar (ASECNA), BP 96, Cotonou, Benin School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany now at: LGIT (Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Technophysique), BP 53, 38 041 Grenoble, Cedex 09, France As part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program, a total of 98 ozone vertical profiles over Cotonou, Benin, have been measured during a 26 month period (December 2004–January 2007). These regular measurements broadly document the seasonal and inter annual variability of ozone in both the troposphere and the lower stratosphere over West Africa for the first time. This data set is complementary to the MOZAIC observations made from Lagos between 0 and 12 km during the period 1998–2004. Both data sets highlight the unique way in which West Africa is impacted by two biomass burning seasons: in December–February (dry season) due to burning in the Sahelian band and in June–August (wet season) due to burning in southern Africa. High inter annual variabilities between Cotonou and Lagos data sets and within each data set are observed and are found to be a major characteristic of this region. In particular, the dry and wet seasons are discussed in order to set the data of the Special Observing Periods (SOPs) into a climatological context. Compared to other dry and wet seasons, the dry and wet season campaigns took place in rather high ozoneenvironments. During the sampled wet seasons, southern intrusions of biomass burning were particularly frequent with concentrations up to 120 ppbv of ozone in the lower troposphere. An insight into the ozone distribution in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (up to 26 km) is given. The first tropospheric columns of ozone based on in-situ data in this region are assessed. They compare well with satellite products on seasonal and inter annual time-scales, provided that the layer below 850 Pa where the remote instrument is less sensitive to ozone, is removed. Aghedo, A. M., Schultz, M. G., and Rast, S.: The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1193–1212, 2007. %Aghedo,~A., Shultz,~M., and Rast,~S.: The influence of African air pollution %on regional and global tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1193–1212, %2007.\checkCopernicus Publication! Ancellet, G., Leclair de Bellevue, J., Mari, C., Nedelec, P., Kukui, A., Borbon, A., and Perros, P.: Effects of regional-scale and convective transports on tropospheric ozone chemistry revealed by aircraft observations during the wet season of the AMMA campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 383–411, 2009. %Ancellet,~G., Leclair~de Bellevue,~J., Mari,~C., Nédélec,~P., Kukui,~A., %Borbon,~A., and Perros,~P.: Effects of regional-scale and convective %transports on tropospheric ozone chemistry revealed by aircraft observations %during the wet season of the AMMA campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 383–411, %2009. Andreae,~M. and Merlet,~P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem Cy., 15, 955–966, 2001. Andrès-Hernández, M. D., Kartal, D., Reichert, L., Burrows, J. P., Meyer Arnek, J., Lichtenstern, M., Stock, P., and Schlager, H.: Peroxy radical observations over West Africa during the AMMA 2006 campaign: Photochemical activity in episodes of formation of convective systems on the basis of radical measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 1585–1619, 2009. %Andrès-Hernández,~M D., Kartal,~D., Reichert,~L., Burrows,~J P., %Meyer~Arnek,~J., Lichtenstern,~M., Stock,~P., and Schlager,~H.: Peroxy radical %observations over West Africa during the AMMA 2006 campaign: Photochemical %activity in episodes of formation of convective systems on the basis of %radical measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 1585–1619, 2009. Barnes,~R A., Bandy,~A R., and Torres,~A L.: Electrochemical concentration cell ozone sonde accuracy and precision, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7881–7887, 1985. Barret,~B., Ricaud,~P., Mari,~C., Attié,~J.-L., Bousserez,~N., Josse,~B., Le~Flochmo\en,~E., Livesey,~N J., Massart,~S., Peuch,~V.-H., Piacentini,~A., Sauvage,~B., Thouret,~V., and Cammas,~J.-P.: Transport pathways of CO in the African upper troposphere during the monsoon season: a~study based upon the assimilation of spaceborne observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3231–3246, 2008. Beekmann,~M., Ancellet,~G., Mégie,~G., Smit,~H G J., and Kley,~D.: ntercomparison campaign of vertical ozone profiles including electrochemical sondes of ECC and Brewer-Mast Type-A~ground-based UV-differential absorption lidar, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 259–288, 1994. Cros,~B., Fontan,~J., Minga,~A., Helas,~G., Nganga,~D., Delmas,~R., Chapuis,~A., Benech,~B., Druilhet,~A., and Andrea,~M.: Vertical profiles of ozone between 0 and 400 \unitm in and above an African Equatorial forest, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12877–12877, 1992. Cros,~B., Delon,~C., Affre,~C., Marion,~T., Druilhet,~A., Perros,~P., and Lopez,~A.: Sources and sinks of ozone in savanna forest areas during EXPRESSO: Airborne turbulent flux measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29347–29358, 2000. DeBacker,~H., Demuer,~D., and De~Sadelaer,~D.: Comparison of ozone profiles obtained with Brewer-Mast and Z-ECC sensors during simultaneous ascents, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19641–19648, 1998. DeCaria,~A., Pickering,~K., Stenchikov,~G., and Ott,~L.: Lightning-generated NO_x and its impact on tropospheric ozone production: A three dimensional modeling study of a~Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols and Ozone (STERAO-A) thunderstom, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14303, doi:10.1029/2004JD005556, 2005. Delmas,~R A., Druilhet, A., and Croset, B., et~al.: Experiment for Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO): An overview, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30609–30624, 1999. Fueglistaler,~S., Dessler,~A., Dunkerton,~T J., Folkins,~I., Fu,~Q., and Mote,~P W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, 2006. Guenther,~A., Hewitt,~C N., Erickson,~D., Fall,~R., Geron,~C., Graedel,~T., Harley,~P., Klinger,~L., Lerdau,~M., McKay,~W A., Pierce,~T., Scholes,~B., Steinbrecher,~R., Tallamraju,~R., Taylor,~J., and Zimmerman,~P.: A~global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995. Haywood,~J., Pelon,~J., Formenti,~P., et~al.: Overview of the dust and biomass-burning experiment and African Monsoon multidisciplinary analysis special observing period-0, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C17, doi:10.1029/2008JD10077, 2008. Höller,~H., Betz,~H.-D., Schmidt,~K., Calheiros,~R V., May,~P., Houngninou,~E., and Scialom,~G.: Lightning characteristics observed by a~VLF/LF lightning detection network (LINET) in Brazil, Australia, Africa and Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 6061–6146, 2009. Jaeglé,~L., Martin,~R., Chance,~K., Steinberger,~L., Kurosu,~T., Jacob,~D., Modi,~A., Yobou,~V., Sigha-Nkamdjou,~L., and Galy-Lacaux,~C.: Satellite mapping of rain-induced nitric oxide emissions from soils, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21310, doi:10.1029/2004JD004787, 2004. Jaeglé,~L., Steinberger,~L., Martin,~R., and Chance,~K.: Global partitionning of NO_x sources using satellite observations: relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soils emissions, Faraday Discuss., 130, 1–17, 2005. Janicot, S., Thorncroft, C. D., Ali, A., Asencio, N., Berry, G., Bock, O., Bourles, B., Caniaux, G., Chauvin, F., Deme, A., Kergoat, L., Lafore, J.-P., Lavaysse, C., Lebel, T., Marticorena, B., Mounier, F., Nedelec, P., Redelsperger, J.-L., Ravegnani, F., Reeves, C. E., Roca, R., de Rosnay, P., Schlager, H., Sultan, B., Tomasini, M., Ulanovsky, A., and ACMAD forecasters team: Large-scale overview of the summer monsoon over West Africa during the AMMA field experiment in 2006, Ann. Geophys., 26, 2569–2595, 2008. %Janicot,~S., Thorncroft,~C D., Ali,~A., et~al.: Large-scale overview of the %summer monsoon over West during the AMMA field experiment in 2006, Ann. %Geophys., 26, 2569–-2595, 2008. Jiang,~Y B., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., et~al.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements,~J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S34, doi:10.1029/2007JD008776, 2007. Jonquière,~I., Marenco,~A., Maalej,~A., and Rohrer,~F.: Study of ozone formation and transatlantic transport from biomass burning emissions over West Africa during the airborne Tropospheric Ozone Campaigns TROPOZ I and TROPOZ II, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19059–19073, 1998. Komhyr,~W D.: Nonreactive gas sampling pump, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 38, 981–983, 1967. Komhyr,~W D.: Operations handbook ozone measurements to 40 \unitkm altitude with model 4A-ECC-ozone sondes, Tech. rep., NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL-ARL-149, 1986. Komhyr,~W D., Barnes,~R A., Brothers,~G B., Lathrop,~J A., and Opperman,~D P.: Electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde performance during STOIC,~J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9231–9244, 1995. Law,~K., Cairo, F., Fierli, F., et~al.: Air mass origins influencing TTL chemical composition over West Africa during 2006 summer monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation, 2009. Logan,~J., Megretskaia,~I., Nassar,~R., et~al.: Effects of the 2006 El Nino on tropospheric composition as revealed by data from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03816, doi:10.1029/2007GL031698, 2008. Mallet,~M., Pont,~V., Liousse,~C., Gomes,~L., Pelon,~J., Osborne,~S., Haywood, ~J., Roger,~J C., Dubuisson,~P., Mariscal,~A., Thouret,~V., and Goloub,~P.: Aerosol direct radiative forcing over Djougou (northern Benin) during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis dry season experiment (Special Observation Period-0), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C01, doi:10.1029/2007JD009419, 2008. Marenco,~A., Thouret,~V., Ndlec,~P., Smit,~H., Helten,~M., Kley,~D., Karcher,~F., Simon,~P., Law,~K., Pyle,~J., Poschmann,~G., Von~Wrede,~R., Hume,~C., and Cook,~T.: Measurement of ozone and water vapor by airbus in-service aircraft: The MOZAIC airborne program, An Overview, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25631–25642, 1998. Mari,~C H., Cailley,~G., Corre,~L., Saunois,~M., Attié,~J L., Thouret,~V., and Stohl,~A.: Tracing biomass burning plumes from the Southern Hemisphere during the AMMA 2006 wet season experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3951–3961, 2008. Martin,~R., Jacob,~D L J., Ziemke,~J., and Washington,~R.: Detection of a~lightning influence on tropical tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1639–1642, 2000. Minga,~A., Thouret,~V., Saunois,~M., Delon,~C., Mari,~C., Serca,~D., Sauvage, ~B., Mariscal,~A., Leriche,~M., and Cros,~B.: High ozone concentrations over Cotonou in december 2005 as observed in the frame of the AMMA program, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation, 2009. Moxim,~W J. and Levy,~H.: A~model analysis of the tropical South Atlantic Ocean tropospheric ozone maximum: The interaction of transport and chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17393–17415, 2000. Newchurch,~M J., Ayoub,~M A., Oltmans,~S., Johnson,~B., and Schmidlin,~F J.: Vertical distribution of ozone at four sites in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4031, doi:10.1029/2002JD002059, 2003. Randel,~W J., Park,~M J., Wu,~F., and Livesey,~N.: A~large annual cycle in ozone above the tropical tropopause linked to the Brewer–Dobson circulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 4479–4488, 2007. Raut,~J.-C. and Chazette,~P.: Radiative budget in the presence of multi-layered aerosol structures in the framework of AMMA SOP-0, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6839–6864, 2008. Reed,~R. and Vicek,~C L.: Annual temperature variation in lower tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 163, 1969. Reeves,~C., Ancellet,~G., Borgon,~A., Cairo,~F., Mari,~C., Methven,~J., Schlager,~H., and Thouret,~V.: Chemical characterisation of the West Africa monsoon during AMMA, in preparation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2009. Reid,~G. and Gage,~K.: On the annual variation in height of the tropical tropopause,~J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1928–1938, 1981. Saunois,~M., Mari,~C., Thouret,~V., Cammas,~J.-P., Peyrillé,~P., Lafore, ~J.-P., Sauvage,~B., Volz-Thomas,~A., Nédélec,~P., and Pinty,~J.-P.: An idealized two-dimensional approach to study the impact of the West African monsoon on the meridional gradient of tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D07306, doi:10.1029/2007JD008707, 2008a. Saunois,~M., Thouret,~V., Mari,~C., Sauvage,~B., and Jacob,~D J.: Ozone Enhancement over Cotonou during the Wet Season: Combined influence of Biomass Burning and Local Anthropogenic pollution, in: IGAC 10th International Conference, 2008b. Sauvage,~B., Thouret,~V., Cammas,~J.-P., Gheusi,~F., Athier,~G., and Nédélec,~P.: Tropospheric ozone over Equatorial Africa : regional aspects from the MOZAIC data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 311–335, 2005. Sauvage,~B., Thouret,~V., Thompson,~A., Witte,~J C., Cammas,~J.-P., Nédélec,~P., and Athier,~G.: Enhanced view of the tropical Atlantic ozone paradox and zonal wave one from the in situ MOZAIC and SHADOZ data,~J. Geophys. Res., 111, D01301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006241, 2006. Sauvage,~B., Gheusi,~F., Thouret,~V., Cammas,~J.-P., Duron,~J., Escobar,~J., Mari,~C., Mascart,~P., and Pont,~V.: Medium-range mid-tropospheric transport of ozone and precursors over Africa: two numerical case studies in dry and wet seasons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5357–5370, 2007a. Sauvage,~B., Martin,~R V., van Donkelaar,~A., Liu,~X., Chance,~K., Jaeglé, ~L., Palmer,~P I., Wu,~S., and Fu,~T.-M.: Remote sensed and in situ constraints on processes affecting tropical tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 815–838, 2007b. Sauvage,~B., Martin,~R V., van Donkelaar,~A., and Ziemke,~J R.: Quantification of the factors controlling tropical tropospheric ozone and the South Atlantic maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11309, doi:10.1029/2006JD008008, 2007c. Sauvage,~B., Thouret,~V., Cammas,~J.-P., Brioude,~J., Nédélec,~P., and Mari,~C.: Meridional ozone gradients in the African upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03817, doi:10.1029/2006GL028542, 2007d. Schoeberl,~M., Ziemke,~J., Bojkov,~B., et~al.: A~trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method,~J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24549, doi:10.1029/2007JD008773, 2007. Serça,~D., Delmas,~R., Le~Roux,~X., Parsons,~D A B., Scholes,~M C., Abbadie,~L., Lensi,~R., Ronce,~O., and Labroue,~L.: Comparison of nitrogen monoxide emissions from several African tropical ecosystems and influence of season and fire, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12(4), 637–651, 1998. Thompson,~A M. et~al.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998–2000 tropical ozone climatology 1. Comparison with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and ground-based measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8238, doi:10.1029/2001JD000967, 2003a. Thompson,~A M. et~al.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998–2000 tropical ozone climatology 2. Tropospheric variability and the zonal wave-one, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8241, doi:10.1029/2002JD002241, 2003b. Thouret,~V., Marenco,~A., Logan,~J., Nédélec,~P., and Grouhel,~C.: Comparisons of ozone measurements from the MOZAIC airborne program and the ozone sounding network at eight locations, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D14), 25695–25720, 1998. van~der Werf,~G R., Randerson,~J T., Giglio,~L., Collatz,~G J., Kasibhatla, ~P S., and Arellano~Jr.,~A F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, 2006. Williams, J. E., Scheele, M. P., van Velthoven, P. F. J., Cammas, J.-P., Thouret, V., Galy-Lacaux, C., and Volz-Thomas, A.: The influence of biogenic emissions from Africa on tropical tropospheric ozone during 2006: a global modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 10367–10427, 2009a. Williams,~J. et~al.: Global Chemistry simulations in the AMMA-Model Intercomparison project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., submitted, 2009b. Ziemke,~J., Chandra,~S., Duncan,~B., Froidevaux,~L., Bhartia,~P., Levelt,~P., and Waters,~J.: Tropospheric ozone determined from aura OMI and MLS: Evaluation of measurements and comparison with the Global Modeling Initiative's Chemical Transport Model,~J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19303, doi:10.1029/2006JD007089, 2006.