Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
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10.5194/acpd-8-907-2008
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/907/2008/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/907/2008/acpd-8-907-2008.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/907/2008/acpd-8-907-2008.pdf
907
955
2008-01-18
Factor analytical modeling of C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>7</sub> hydrocarbon sources at an urban background site in Zurich (Switzerland): changes between 1993–1994 and 2005–2006
V. A. Lanz
valentin.lanz@empa.ch
B. Buchmann
C. Hueglin
R. Locher
S. Reimann
J. Staehelin
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
ZHAW, School of Engineering, Institute of Data Analysis and Process Design IDP, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Hourly measurements of 13 volatile hydrocarbons (C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>7</sub>)
were performed at an urban background site in Zurich (Switzerland)
in the years 1993–1994 and again in 2005–2006. Changes in hydrocarbon
profiles and source strengths were recovered by positive matrix
factorization (PMF). Eight and six factors could be related to
hydrocarbon sources in 1993–1994 and in 2005–2006, respectively. The
modeled source profiles were verified by hydrocarbon profiles
reported in the literature. The source strengths were validated by
independent measurements, such as inorganic trace gases (NO<sub>x</sub>,
CO, SO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), oxidized hydrocarbons (OVOCs) and
meteorological data (temperature, wind speed etc.). Our analysis
suggests that the contribution of most hydrocarbon sources (i.e. road traffic, solvents use, and wood burning) decreased by a factor
of about two to three between the early 1990s and 2005–2006. On the
other hand, hydrocarbon losses from natural gas leakage remained at
relatively constant (−20%) concentration levels. The estimated
emission trends are in line with the results from different
top-down approaches reported for other European cities. Their
discrepancies to national emission inventories are discussed.
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