<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-8-893-2008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>UV variability in Moscow according to long-term UV measurements and reconstruction model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chubarova</surname>
<given-names>N. Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>893</fpage>
<lpage>906</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/893/2008/acpd-8-893-2008.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/893/2008/acpd-8-893-2008.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/893/2008/acpd-8-893-2008.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/893/2008/acpd-8-893-2008.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Long-term measurements of erythemally weighted UV irradiance (&lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;er&lt;/sub&gt;) have
been analyzed for the 1999&amp;ndash;2006 period as well as UV variability according
to reconstruction model since 1968. The estimates of different atmospheric
parameters effects, including NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; content, on &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;er&lt;/sub&gt;)  have been
obtained on seasonal and interannual scales. It has been shown that NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
content in conditions of large megalopolis provides average &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;er&lt;/sub&gt; 
decrease of about 1.5&amp;ndash;2%. The seasonal variations of the observed UV
indices are discussed from the point of view of the impact on health. Using
the reconstruction model we showed a distinct growth in &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;er&lt;/sub&gt;  since 1980
due to decrease in total ozone (+2.5% per decade), effective cloud amount
transmission (+2.1% per decade) and aerosol loading (+1.1% per
decade). However, there is no changes in &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;er&lt;/sub&gt; over larger 1968&amp;ndash;2006
period due to significant decrease in effective cloud amount transmission
(&amp;minus;11% per decade) in 1968&amp;ndash;1980.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="14"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bais, A., Topaloglou, C., Kazadtzis, S., Blumthaller, M., Schreder, J., Schmalwieser, A., Henriques, D., and Janouch, M.: Report of the LAP/COST/WMO. Intercomparison of Erythemal Radiometers. (Thessaloniki, Greece, 13&amp;ndash;23 September 1999), WMO TD, 1051, 1&amp;ndash;54, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chubarova, N. and Nezval&apos;, Y.: Thirty year variability of UV irradiance in Moscow, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D10), 12 529&amp;ndash;12 540, 10.1029/1999JD901192, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chubarova, N.: Monitoring of Biologically Active UV Radiation in the Moscow Region, Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 38(3), 312&amp;ndash;322, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chubarova, N. and Dubovik, O.: The sensitivity of aerosol properties retrievals from AERONET measurements to NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration over industrial region on the example of Moscow, Optica Pura y Aplicada, v.37, No. 3, 3315&amp;ndash;3319, available at:http://www.sedoptica.es/revistas/pdfs/128.pdf, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chubarova, N., Nezval&apos;, Y. I., Verdebout, J., Krotkov, N., and Herman, J.: Long-term UV irradiance changes over Moscow and comparisons with UV estimates from TOMS and METEOSAT, &quot;Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects&quot; edited by Bernhard, G., Slusser, J. R., Herman, J. R., and Gao, W., SPIE, 63&amp;ndash;73, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chubarova, N.: Role of tropospheric gases in the absorption of UV radiation, Dokl. Earth Sci., 407(2), 294&amp;ndash;297, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> den Outer, P. N., Slaper, H., and Tax, R. B.: UV radiation in the Netherlands: Assessing long-term variability and trends in relation to ozone and clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02203, doi:10.1029/2004jd004824, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fioletov, V. E., McArthur, L. Kerr, J. B., and Wardle, D. I.: Long-term variations of UV-B irradiance over Canada estimated from Brewer observations and derived from ozone and pyranometer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23 009&amp;ndash;23 028, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Holick, M. F. and Jenkins, M.: The UV advantage: new medical breakthroughs reveal powerful health benefits from sun exposure and tanning, A publication of ibooks, inc., 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kaurola, J., Taalas, P., Koskela, T., Borkowski, J., and Josefsson, W.: Long-term variations of UV-B doses at three stations in northern Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20 813&amp;ndash;20 820, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Krzy\&apos;scin, J. W., Eerme, K., Janouch, M.: Long-term variations of the UV-B radiation over Central Europe as derived from the reconstructed UV time series, Ann. Geophys., 22, 1473&amp;ndash;1485, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lantz, K. O., Disterhoft, P., DeLuisi, J. J., Early, E., Thompson, A., Bigelow, D., and Slusser J.: Methodology for deriving clear-sky erythemal calibration factors for UV broadband radiometers of the US Central Calibration Facility, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 1, 1736&amp;ndash;1752, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindfors, A. and Vuilleumier, L.: Erythemal UV at Davos (Switzerland), 1926&amp;ndash;2003, estimated using total ozone, sunshine duration, and snow depth, J. Geophys. Res., 110(D2), D02104, doi:10.1029/2004JD005231, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Madronich, S. and Flocke, S.: The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry, in Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by Boule, P., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1&amp;ndash;26, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Makhotkina, E. L., Plakhina, I. N., and Lukin, A. B.: Some features of Atmospheric turbidity change over the Russian territory in the last quarter of the 20th century. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology (Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya), Allerton Press, 1, 20&amp;ndash;27, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tarasova, T. A. and Yarkho, E. V.: Determination of aerosol optical thickness using measurements of direct integral solar radiation, Soviet Meteorology and Hydrology, (English translation), 12, 66&amp;ndash;71, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tarasova, T. and Chubarova, N.: On the calculation of optical thickness of extended low and middle clouds using measurements of solar radiation in three solar spectrum ranges on the Earth&apos;s surface, Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, (English translation), 30 , 253&amp;ndash;257, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ulyumdzhieva, N., Chubarova, N. and Smirnov, A.: Aerosol characteristics of the atmosphere over Moscow from Cimel sun photometer data, Russian Meteorology and Hydrology (Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya), Allerton Press, 1, 37&amp;ndash;44, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vanicek, K., Frei, T., Litynska, Z., and Shmalwieser, A.: UV-Index for the Public, COST-713 Action, Brussels, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project &amp;ndash; Report No. 50, 572 pp., Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>