<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>8</volume_number>
		<issue_number>3</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-8-8327-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/8327/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/8327/2008/acpd-8-8327-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/8327/2008/acpd-8-8327-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>8327</start_page>
	<end_page>8355</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-05-06</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Global temperature estimates in the troposphere and stratosphere: a validation study of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 measurements</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>P. Kishore</name>
			<email>kishore1818@gmail.com</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2">
			<name>S. P. Namboothiri</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="3">
			<name>J. H. Jiang</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="4">
			<name>V. Sivakumar</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="2">
			<name>K. Igarashi</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Dept. of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">National Laser Centre, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">This paper mainly focuses on the validation of temperature estimates derived
with the newly launched Constellation Observing System for Meteorology
Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite 3 (FORMOSAT-3) system. The
analysis is based on the radio occultation (RO) data sample collected during
the first year observation from April 2006 to April 2007. For the
validation, we have used the operational stratospheric analyses (models)
including the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Reanalysis
(NCEP-Reanalysis), the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), and the United
Kingdom Met Office (MetO) data sets. Comparisons done in different formats
reveal excellent agreement between the COSMIC and model outputs. Spatially,
the largest deviations are noted in the polar latitudes, and height-wise,
the tropical tropopause region noted the maximum differences. However, these
differences are only 2&amp;ndash;4 K. We found that among the three models the NCEP
data sets have the best resemblance with the COSMIC measurements. We also
have done comparison of specific humidity and refractivity profiles with
other measurements/models. Specific humidity profiles show comparatively
large differences at altitudes below 5 km. Refractivity profiles derived by
the COSMIC and other datasets show very good agreement.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Baray, J. L., Ancellet, G., Taupin, F. G., Bessafi, M., Baldy, S., and Keckhut, P.: Subtropical tropopause break as a possible stratospheric source of ozone in the tropical tropopause, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 60, 27&amp;ndash;36, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Burris, J., Heaps, W., Gary, B., Hoegy, W., Lait, L., McGee, T., Gross, M., and Singh, U. N.: Lidar temperature measurements during the tropical ozone transport experiment (TOTE)/vortex ozone transport experiment (VOTE) mission, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3505&amp;ndash;3510, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Chanin, M. L. and Hauchecorne, A.: Lidar study of the structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 20, 1&amp;ndash;11, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Dewan, E. M., Grossbard, N., Quesada, A. F., and Good, R. E.: Spectral analysis of 10-m resolution scalar velocity profiles in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 80&amp;ndash;83, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Eckermann, S. D., Hirota, I., and Hocking, W. K.: Gravity wave and equatorial wave morphology of the stratosphere derived from long-term rocket sounding. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 149&amp;ndash;186, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Gobiet, A., Foelsche, U., Steiner, A. K., Borsche, M., Kirchengast, G., and Wickert, J.: Climatological validation of stratospheric temperatures in ECMWF operational analyses with CHAMP radio occultation data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL022617, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Hajj, G. A., Kursinski, E. R., Romans, L. J., Betiger, W. I., and Leroy, S. S.: A technical description of atmospheric sounding by GPS occultation, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 64, 451&amp;ndash;469, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Hajj, G. A., Ao, C. O., Iijima, B. A., Juang, D., Kursinski, E. R., Mannucci, A. J., Meehan, T. K., Romans, L. J., de le Torre Juarez, M., and Yunck, T. P.: CHAMP and SAC-C atmospheric occultation results and intercomparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06109, doi:10.1029/2003JD003909, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Hamilton, K.: Climatological statistics of stratospheric inertia gravity waves deduced from historical rocketsonde wind and temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 831&amp;ndash;839, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Hauchecorne, A. and Chanin, M. L.: Density and temperature profiles obtained by lidar between 35 and 70 km, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 565&amp;ndash;568, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Heise, S., Wickert, J., Beyerle, G., Schmidt, T., and Reigber, C.: Global monitoring of tropospheric water vapor with GPS radio occultation aboard CHAMP, Adv. Space Res., 37, 2222&amp;ndash;2227, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Hertzog, A., Basdevant, C., Vial, F., and Mechoso, C. R.: Some results on the accuracy of stratospheric analyses in the Northern Hemisphere inferred from long-duration balloon flights, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 130, 607&amp;ndash;626, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Hoinka, K. P.: Statistics of the global tropopause pressure, Mon. Weather. Rev., 126, 3303&amp;ndash;3325, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403&amp;ndash;439, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Jiang, J. H., Wang, D. Y., Romans, L. J., Ao, C. O., Schwartz, M. J., Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Puertas, M. L., Funke, B., Lopez, S. G., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M. Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu-Tsidu, G., Milz, M., Steck, T., and Fischer, H.: Comparison of GPS / SAC-C and MIPAS/ ENVISAT Temperature Profiles and Its Possible Implementation for EOS MLS Observations, in: CHAMP Mission Results for Gravity and, Magnetic Field Maping, and GPS Atmospheric sounding, edited by: Reigber, C., Luehr, H., Schwintzer, P., and Wickert, J., Springer-Verlag, Berline/Heidelberg/New York, 573&amp;ndash;578, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., et al.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437&amp;ndash;471, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Kishore, P., Namboothiri, S. P., Igarashi, K., Jiang, J. H., Ao, C. O., and Romans, L. J.: Climatological characteristics of the tropopause parameters derived from GPS/CHAMP and GPS/SAC-C measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20110, doi:10.1029/2005JD006827, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Kistler, R., Kalnay, E., Collins, W., et al.: The NCEP-NCAR reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247&amp;ndash;267, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Kitamura, Y. and Hirota, I.: Small-scale disturbances in the lower stratosphere revealed by daily rawinsonde observations, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 67, 817&amp;ndash;831, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Knudsen, B. M., Pommereau, J. P., Garnier, A., Nunes-Pinharandra, M., Denis, L., Newman, P., Letrenne, G., and Durand, M.: Accuracy of analyzed stratospheric temperatures in the winter arctic vortex from infra red montgolfer long duration balloon flights, Part II: Results, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D20, doi:10.1029/2001JD001329, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Hardy, K. R., Schofield, J. T., and Linfield, R.: Observing Earth&apos;s atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23 429&amp;ndash;23 465, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Leblanc, L. S., Mcdermid, L. S., Hauchecorne, A., and Keckhut, P.: Evaluation and optimization of lidar temperature analysis algorithms using simulated lidar data, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6177&amp;ndash;6187, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Lorenc, A. C., Ballard, S. P., Bell, R. S., et al.: The Met Office global 3-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2991&amp;ndash;3012, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Marquardt, C., Schoellhammer, K., Beyerle, G., Schmidt, T., Wickert, J., and Reigber, C.: Validation and data quality of CHAMP radio occultation data, in First CHAMP Mission Results for Gravity, Magnetic and Atmospheric Studies, 384&amp;ndash;396, Springer, New York, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Newell, R. E., Kidson, J. W., Vincent, D. G., and Boer, G. J.: The general circulation of the tropical atmosphere and interactions with extratropical latitudes, The MIT Press, 258 pp., 1972. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Newell, R. E. and Gould-Stewart, S.: A stratospheric fountain?, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2789&amp;ndash;2797, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Nishida, M., Shimizu, A., Tsuda, T., Rocken, R., and Ware, R. H.: Seasonal and longitudinal variations in the tropical tropopause observed with the GPS occultation technique (GPS/MET), J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn., 78, 691&amp;ndash;700, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Onogi, K., Koide, H., Sakamoto, M., Kobayashi, S., Tsutsui, J., Hatsushika, H., Matsumoto, T., Yamazaki, N., Kamahori, H., Takahashi, K., Kato, K., Ose, T., Kadokura, S., and Wada, K.: JRA-25; Japanese 25-year Reanalysis progress and status, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 131, 3259&amp;ndash;3268, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Onogi, K., Tsutsui, J., Koide, H., Sakamoto, M., Kobayashi, S., Hatsushika, H., Matsumoto, T., Yamazaki, N., Kamahori, H., Takahashi, K., Kadokura, S., Wada, K., Kato, K., Oyama, R., Ose, T., Mannoji, N., and Taira, R.: The JRA-25 Reanalysis, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 85, 369&amp;ndash;432, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Pommereau, J. P., Garnier, A., Knudsen, B. M., et al.: Accuracy of analyzed stratospheric temperatures in the winter arctic vortex from infra red montgolfer long duration balloon flights Part I: Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D20, doi:10.1029/2001JD001379, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Randel, W. J., Wu, F., and Rios, W. R.: Thermal variability of the tropical tropopause region derived from GPS/MET observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4024, doi:10.1029/2002JD002595, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Ringer, M. A. and Healy, S. B.: Monitoring twenty-first century climate using GPS radio occultation bending angles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05708, doi:10.1029/2007GL032462, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Rocken, C., Anthes, R., Exner, M., et al.: Analysis and validation of GPS/MET data in the neutral atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, D25, 29 849&amp;ndash;29 866, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Rocken, C., Kuo, Y. H., Schreiner, W., Hunt, D., Sokolovskiy, S., and McCormick, C.: COSMIC System Description, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 11, 21&amp;ndash;52, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Schmidt, T., Wickert, J., Beyerle, G., and Reigber, C.: Tropical tropopause parameters derived from GPS radio occultation measurements with CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13105, doi:10.1029/2004JD004566, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Schreiner, W., Rocken, C., Sokolovskiy, S., Syndergaard, S., and Hunt, D.: Estimates of the precision of GPS radio occultations from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 mission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04808, doi:10.1029/2006GL027557, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Sivakumar, V., Rao, P. B., and Krishnaiah, M.: Lidar measurements of stratosphere-mesosphere thermal structure over a low latitude: Comparison with satellite data and models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D11, doi:10.1029/2002JD003029, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Steinbrecht, W., Claude, H., Kohler, U., and Hoinka, K. P.: Correction between tropopause height and total ozone: Implication for long-term changes, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19 183&amp;ndash;19 192, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Steiner, A. K. and Kirchengast, G.: Gravity wave spectra from GPS/MET occultation observations, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 17, 495&amp;ndash;503, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Swinbank, R. and O&apos;Neill, A.: A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system, Mon. Weather. Rev., 122, 686&amp;ndash;702, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Syndergaard, S.: On the ionosphere calibration in GPS radio occultation measurements, Radio. Sci., 35, 865&amp;ndash;884, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Tsuda, T., VanZandt, T. E., Mizumoto, M., Kato, S., and Fukao, S.: Spectral analysis of temperature and Brunt-Vaisala frequency fluctuations observed by radiosondes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17 265&amp;ndash;17 278, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Wang, D. Y., Stiller, G. P., Clarmann, T. V., Fischer, H., Lopez-Puertas, M., Funke, B., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Hopfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Tsidu, G. M., Milz, M., Steck, T., Jiang, J. H., Ao., C. O., Manney, G., Hocke, K., Wu, D. L., Romans, L. J., Wickert, J., and Schmidt, T.: Cross validation of MIPAS/ENVISAT and GPS/CHAMP temperature profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19311, doi:10.1029/2004JD004963, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Whiteway, J. A. and Carswell, A. I.: Rayleigh lidar observations of thermal structure and gravity wave activity in the high Arctic during a stratospheric warming, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3122&amp;ndash;3136, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Wickert, J., Reigber, C., Beyerle, G., et al.: Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation: First results from CHAMP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3263&amp;ndash;3266, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Wilson, R., Hauchecorne, A., and Chanin, M. L.: Gravity wave spectra in the middle atmosphere as observed by Rayleigh lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5153&amp;ndash;5167, 1991. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

