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10.5194/acpd-8-569-2008
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569
599
2008-01-11
Spatiotemporal variations of ambient PM<sub>10</sub> source contributions in Beijing in 2004 using positive matrix factorization
S. Xie
sdxie@pku.edu.cn
Z. Liu
T. Chen
L. Hua
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
Source contributions to ambient PM<sub>10</sub> (particles with an aerodynamic diameter
of 10 μm or less) in Beijing, China were determined with positive matrix
factorization (PMF) based on ambient PM<sub>10</sub> composition data including
concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ions and metal
elements, which were simultaneously obtained at six sites through January,
April, July and October in 2004. Results from PMF indicated that seven major
sources of ambient PM<sub>10</sub> were urban fugitive dust, crustal soil, coal
combustion, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, biomass burning and
vehicle emission, respectively. In paticular, urban fugitive dust and
crustal soil as two types of dust sources with similar chemical
characteristics were differentiated by PMF. Urban fugitive dust contributed
the most, accounting for 34.4% of total PM<sub>10</sub> mass on an annual basis,
with relatively high contributions in all four months, and even covered
50% in April. It also showed higher contributions in southwestern and
southeastern areas than in central urban areas. Coal combustion was found to
be the primary contributor in January, showing higher contributions in urban
areas than in suburban areas with seasonal variation peaking in winter,
which accounted for 15.5% of the annual average PM<sub>10</sub> concentration.
Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate combined as the largest contributor
to PM<sub>10</sub> in July and October, with strong seasonal variation peaking in
summer, accounting for 38.8% and 31.5% of the total PM<sub>10</sub> mass in July
and October, respectively. Biomass burning contributions were found in all
four months and accounted for 9.8% of the annual average PM<sub>10</sub> mass
concentration, with obviously higher contribution in October than in other
months. Incineration sources were probably located in southwestern Beijing.
Contribution from vehicle emission accounted for 5.0% and exhibited no
significant seasonal variation. In sum, PM<sub>10</sub> source contributions in Beijing
showed not only significant seasonal variations but also spatial
differences.
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