Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
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10.5194/acpd-8-4221-2008
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http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/4221/2008/acpd-8-4221-2008.pdf
4221
4266
2008-03-03
The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: laboratory fire measurements and synthesis of campaign data
R. J. Yokelson
bob.yokelson@umontana.edu
T. J. Christian
T. G. Karl
A. Guenther
University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
As part of the Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions
Experiment (TROFFEE), tropical forest fuels were burned in a large,
biomass-fire simulation facility and the smoke was characterized with
open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton-transfer
reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), gas chromatography (GC), GC/PTR-MS, and
filter sampling of the particles. In most cases, about one-third of the fuel
chlorine ended up in the particles and about one-half remained in the ash.
About 50% of the mass of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) emitted by
these fires could be identified with the available instrumentation. The lab
fire emission factors (EF, g compound emitted per kg fuel burned) were
coupled with EF obtained during the TROFFEE airborne and ground-based field
campaigns. This revealed several types of EF dependence on parameters such
as the ratio of flaming to smoldering combustion and fuel characteristics.
The synthesis of data from the different TROFFEE platforms was also used to
derive EF for all the measured species for both primary deforestation fires
and pasture maintenance fires – the two main types of biomass burning in
the Amazon. Many of the EF are larger than those in widely-used earlier
work. This is mostly due to the inclusion of newly-available, large EF for
the initially-unlofted smoldering emissions and the assumption that these
emissions make a significant contribution (~40%) to the total
emissions from pasture fires. The TROFFEE EF for particles with aerodynamic
diameter <2.5 microns (EFPM<sub>2.5</sub>) is 14.8 g/kg for primary deforestation
fires and 18.7 g/kg for pasture maintenance fires. These EFPM<sub>2.5</sub> are
significantly larger than a previous recommendation (9.1 g/kg) and lead to
an estimated pyrogenic primary PM<sub>2.5</sub> source for the Amazon that is 84%
larger. Regional through global budgets for biogenic and pyrogenic emissions
were roughly estimated. Coupled with previous measurements of secondary
aerosol growth in the Amazon and source apportionment studies, the regional
budgets suggest that ~5% of the total mass of the regionally
generated NMOC end up as secondary organic aerosol within the Amazonian
boundary layer within 1–3 days. The global budgets confirm that biogenic emissions
and biomass burning are the two largest global sources of NMOC with an
estimated production of approximately 1000 and 500 Tg/yr, respectively. It
follows that plants and fires may also be the two main global sources of
secondary organic aerosol. A limited set of emission ratios (ER) is given
for sugar cane burning, which may help estimate the air quality impacts of
burning this major crop, which is often grown in densely populated areas.
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