Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
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10.5194/acpd-8-4017-2008
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/4017/2008/
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http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/4017/2008/acpd-8-4017-2008.pdf
4017
4057
2008-02-27
Analysis of aircraft and satellite measurements from the intercontinental chemical transport experiment (INTEX-B) to quantify long-range transport of East Asian Sulfur to Canada
A. van Donkelaar
aaron.van.donkelaar@dal.ca
R. V. Martin
W. R. Leaitch
A. M. Macdonald
T. W. Walker
D. G. Streets
Q. Zang
E. Dunlea
J. L. Jimenez
J. E. Dibb
G. Huley
R. Weber
M. O.. Andreae
Dept. of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Dept. of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Lab., Aragonne, Illinois, USA
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, USA
Climate Change Research Center/EOS, University of New Hampshire, USA
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Biogeochemistry Department, Max Plank Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
We interpret a suite of satellite, aircraft, and ground-based measurements
over the North Pacific Ocean and western North America during April–May 2006
as part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B
(INTEX-B) campaign to understand the implications of long-range transport of
East Asian emissions to North America. The Canadian component of INTEX-B
included 33 vertical profiles from a Cessna 207 aircraft equipped with an
aerosol mass spectrometer. Long-range transport of organic aerosols was
insignificant. Measured sulfate plumes in the free troposphere over British
Columbia exceeded 1 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. We update the global anthropogenic
emission inventory in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and use it to
interpret the observations. Trends in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieved
from two satellite instruments (MISR and MODIS) for 2000–2006 are analyzed
with GEOS-Chem to estimate an annual growth in Chinese sulfur emissions of
6.2% and 9.6%, respectively. Analysis of aircraft sulfate measurements
from the NASA DC-8 over the central Pacific, the NSF C-130 over the east
Pacific and the Cessna over British Columbia indicates most Asian sulfate
over the ocean is in the lower free troposphere (800–600 hPa), with a
decrease in pressure toward land due to orographic effects. We calculate
that 63% of the measured sulfate at 600 hPa over British Columbia is due
to East Asian sources. Simulation of INTEX-B and May 1985 aircraft
measurements off the northwest coast of the United States reveals a 2.4–3.4
fold increase in the relative contribution of East Asian sulfate to the
total burden. Campaign-average simulations indicate anthropogenic East Asian
sulfur emissions increase mean springtime sulfate in Western Canada at the
surface by 0.14–0.19 μg/m<sup>3</sup> (~30%) and account for 40%
of the overall regional sulfate burden between 1 and 5 km. Mean measured
daily surface sulfate concentrations taken in the Vancouver area increase by
0.27 μg/m<sup>3</sup> per 10% increase in the simulated fraction of Asian
sulfate, suggesting current East Asian emissions degrade local air quality.
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