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2008-01-08
Mixing ratios and eddy covariance flux measurements of volatile organic compounds from an urban canopy (Manchester, UK)
B. Langford
B. Davison
E. Nemitz
C. N. Hewitt
n.hewitt@lancaster.ac.uk
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
Concentrations and fluxes of six volatile organic compounds (VOC) were
measured above the city of Manchester (UK) during the summer of 2006. A
proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer was used for the measurement of
concentrations, and fluxes were calculated using both the disjunct and the
virtual disjunct eddy covariance techniques. The two flux systems, which
operated in alternate half hours, showed reasonable agreement, with <i>R</i><sup>2</sup>
values ranging between 0.2 and 0.8 for the individual analytes. On average,
fluxes measured in the disjunct mode were lower than those measured in the
virtual mode by approximately 19%, of which at least 8% can be
attributed to the differing measurement frequencies of the two systems and
the subsequent attenuation of high frequency flux contributions. Observed
fluxes are thought to be largely controlled by anthropogenic sources, with
vehicle emissions the major contributor. However both evaporative and
biogenic emissions may account for a fraction of the isoprene present.
Fluxes of the oxygenated compounds were highest on average, ranging between
60–89 μg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, whereas the fluxes of aromatic compounds
were lower, between 19–42 μg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>. The observed fluxes
of benzene were up-scaled to give a city wide emission estimate which was
found to be significantly lower than that of the National Atmospheric
Emissions Inventory (NAEI).
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