<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>8</volume_number>
		<issue_number>6</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-8-20869-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/20869/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/20869/2008/acpd-8-20869-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/20869/2008/acpd-8-20869-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>20869</start_page>
	<end_page>20900</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-12-12</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Isoprene, sulphoxy radical-anions and acidity</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>K. J. Rudziński</name>
			<email>kjrudz@ichf.edu.pl</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>L. Gmachowski</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>I. Kuznietsova</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Catalysis on Metals, Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Institute of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 09-400 Płock, Poland</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Transformation of isoprene coupled with autoxidation of S&lt;sup&gt;IV&lt;/sup&gt;
      in aqueous solutions was studied experimentally and by
      chemical-kinetic modelling over broad range of solution acidities (pH=3–9) to complement the research on aqueous-phase and
      heterogeneous transformation of isoprene reported recently by many
      laboratories. Isoprene significantly slowed down the autoxidation in
      acidic and basic solutions, and accelerated it slightly in neutral
      solutions. Simultaneously, production of sulphate ions and formation
      of solution acidity were significantly reduced. Formation of sulphite
      and sulphate derivatives of isoprene – sulphurous acid
      mono-(2-methyl-4-oxo-but-2-enyl) ester (&lt;i&gt;m/z&lt;/i&gt;=162.9),
      sulphurous acid mono-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl) ester
      (&lt;i&gt;m/z&lt;/i&gt;=164.9), sulphuric acid
      mono-(2-methyl-4-oxo-but-2-enyl) ester (&lt;i&gt;m/z&lt;/i&gt;=178.9),
      sulphuric acid mono-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl) ester
      (&lt;i&gt;m/z&lt;/i&gt;=180.9) – was indicated by mass spectroscopic
      analysis of post-reaction mixtures. The results of experiments were
      explained by changes in a subtle quantitative balance of three
      superimposed processes whose rates depended in different manner on the
      acidity of reacting solutions – the scavenging of sulphoxy radicals by
      isoprene, the formation of sulphoxy radicals during further reactions
      of isoprene radicals, and the autoxidation of S&lt;sup&gt;IV&lt;/sup&gt;
      itself. A chemical mechanism based on this idea was explored
      numerically to show good agreement with experimental data. Interaction
      of isoprene with sulphur(IV) species and oxygen can possibly result in
      formation of new organosulphate components of atmospheric aerosols and
      waters, and influence distribution of reactive sulphur and oxygen
      species in isoprene-emitting organisms exposed to S&lt;sup&gt;IV&lt;/sup&gt; pollutants.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Barnes, I., Hjorth, J., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide and their oxidation in the atmosphere, Chem. Rev., 106, 940–975, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Bassett, H. and Parker, W G.: The oxidation of sulphurous acid, J. Chem. Soc., 1540–1560, \doi10.1039/JR9510001540, 1951. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Berglund, J. and Elding, L I.: Manganese-catalysed autoxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide in the atmospheric aqueous phase, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1379–1391, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Brandt, C. and van Eldik, R.: Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of sulfur(IV) oxides. atmospheric-relevant processes and mechanisms, Chem. Rev., 95, 119–190, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cr00033a006, 1995.  </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Buxton, G V., McGowan, S., Salmon, G A., Williams, J E., and Wood, N D.: A study of the spectra and reactivity of oxysulphur-radical anions involved in the chain oxidation of S(IV): A pulse and gamma -radiolysis study, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2483–2493, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> CAPRAM: Chemical Aqueous Phase RAdical Mechanism, http://projects.tropos.de/capram/, last access: 16 July 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V., Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M O., Artaxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: Formation of secondary organic aerosols through photooxidation of isoprene, Science, 303, 1173–1176, \doi10.1126/science.1092805, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/303/5661/1173, 2004a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Claeys, M., Wang, W., Ion, A C., Kourtchev, I., Gelencsr, A., and Maenhaut, W.: Formation of secondary organic aerosols from isoprene and its gas-phase oxidation products through reaction with hydrogen peroxide, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4093–4098, 2004b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Drexler, C., Elias, H., Fecher, B., and Wannowius, K J.: Kinetic investigation of sulfur(IV) oxidation by peroxo compounds R-OOH in aqueous solution, Fresen. J. Anal. Chem., 340, 605–616, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Drexler, C., Elias, H., Fecher, B., and Wannowius, K J.: Kinetics and mechanism of sulfur(IV) oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous phase: the non-linear parts of the pH-profile, Berich. Bunsen Gesell., 96, 481–485, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Ermakov, A N. and Purmal, A P.: Catalysis of \chemHSO_3^-/SO_3^2- oxidation by manganese ions, Kinet. Catal., 43, 249–260, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Fan, J. and Zhang, R.: Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of isoprene, Environ. Chem., 1, 140–149, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Fronaeus, S., Berglund, J., and Elding, L.: Iron-Manganese Redox Processes and Synergism in the Mechanism for Manganese-Catalyzed Autoxidation of Hydrogen Sulfite, Inorg. Chem., 37, 4939–4944, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ic980225z, 1998.  </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Georgii, H W. and Warneck, P.: Global aspects of atmospheric chemistry, in: Chemistry of the tropospheric aerosol and of clouds., edited by Zellner, R., Steinkopf, Darmstadt, Germany, 111–179, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Gómez~González, Y., Vermeylen, R., Szmigielski, R., Surratt, J D., Kleindienst, T E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J H., Edney, E O., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Characterisation of organosulphates from the photo-oxidation of isoprene in ambient \chemPM_2.5 aerosol by LC/(-)ESI-linear ion trap mass spectrometry, in: European Aerosol Conference, Salzburg, Austria 9–14 September 2007, T01A018, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Grgi\&apos;c, I. and Berčič, G.: A simple kinetic model for autoxidation of S(IV) oxides catalyzed by iron and/or manganese ions, J. Atmos. Chem., 39, 155–170, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Gubelmann, M H. and Williams, A F.: The structure and reactivity of dioxygen complexes of the transition metals, in: Transition Metal Complexes – Structures and Spectra, No 55 in Structure and Bonding, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Herrmann, H., Reese, A., and Zellner, R.: Time-resolved UV/VIS diode array absorption spectroscopy of \chemSO_\textitx^- ($x$=3,4,5) radical anions in aqueous solution, J. Mol. Struct., 348, 183–186, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Huie, R E. and Neta, P.: Chemical behavior of \chemSO_3^- and \chemSO_5^- radicals in aqueous solutions, J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5665–5669, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Huie, R E. and Neta, P.: Rate constants for some oxidations of S(IV) by radicals in aqueous solutions, Atmos. Environ., 21, 1743–1747, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Jang, M., Czoschke, N M., Lee, S., and Kamens, R M.: Aerosol production by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions, Science, 298, 815–817, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Kleindienst, T E., Edney, E O., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J H., and Jaoui, M.: Secondary organic carbon and aerosol yields from the irradiations of isoprene and α-pinene in the presence of \chemNO_x and \chemSO_2, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3807–3812, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Kuo, D. T F., Kirk, D W., and Jia, C Q.: The chemistry of aqueous S(IV)-Fe-\chemO_2 system: state of the art, J. Sulfur Chem., 27, 461–530, http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/17415990600945153, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> LeBras, G. and the LACTOZ Steering~Group: Oxidation mechanism of isoprene, in: Chemical Processes in Atmospheric Oxidation: Laboratory Studies of Chemistry Related to Tropospheric Ozone, Vol. 3, Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 68–72, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Liggio, J., Li, S.-M., and McLaren, R.: Heterogeneous reactions of glyoxal on particulate matter: Identification of acetals and sulfate esters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1532–1541, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> McElroy, W J. and Waygood, S.: Kinetics of the reactions of the \chemSO^-_4 radical with \chemSO^-_4, \chemS_2O^2-_8, \chemH_2O and \chemFe^2+, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday T., 86, 2557–2564, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Mimoun, H.: The role of peroxymetallation in selective oxidation processes, J. Mol. Catal., 7, 1–29, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Minerath, E C., Casale, M T., and Elrod, M J.: Kinetics feasibility study of alcohol sulfate esterification reactions in tropospheric aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4410–4415, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Pasiuk-Bronikowska, W., Ziajka, J., and Bronikowski, T.: Autoxidation of Sulphur Compounds, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Paulot, F., D. Crounse, J., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kroll, J. H., Seinfeld, J. H., and Wennberg, P. O.: Isoprene photooxidation mechanism: resonance channels and implications for the production of nitrates and acids, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 14643–14716, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Rudzi\&apos;nski, K J.: Degradation of isoprene in the presence of sulphoxy radical anions, J. Atmos. Chem., 48, 191–216, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Rudzi\&apos;nski, K J.: Heterogeneous and aqueous-phase transformation of isoprene, in: Environmental Simulation Chambers: Application to Atmospheric Chemical Processes, edited by: Barnes, I. and Rudzi\&apos;nski, K J., Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 261–277, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Rudzi\&apos;nski, K J.: Undiscovered chemistry is it important for mechanisms and models?, in: Simulation and Assessment of Chemical Processes in a Multiphase Environment, edited by: Barnes, I. and Kharytonov, M M., Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 231–253, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Rudzi\&apos;nski, K J. and Pasiuk-Bronikowska, W.: Inhibition of \chemSO_2 oxidation in aqueous phase, Work. Stud. I. Environ. Eng. Pol. Acad. Sci., 54, 175–191, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Seinfeld, J H. and Pandis, S N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2nd Ed., 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Sharkey, T D., Wiberley, A E., and Donohue, A R.: Isoprene emission from plants: why and how, Ann. Bot.-London, 1–14, \doi10.1093/aob/mcm240, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Surrat, J D., Kroll, J H., Kleindienst, T E., Edney, E O., Claeys, M., Sorooshian, A., Ng, N L., Offenberg, J H., Lewandowski, M., Jaoui, M., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Evidence for organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 517–527, 2007a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Surrat, J D., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J H., Jaoui, M., Kleindienst, T E., and Edney, E O.: Effect of acidity on secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5363–5369, 2007b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Taraborrelli, D., Lawrence, M. G., Butler, T. M., Sander, R., and Lelieveld, J.: Mainz Isoprene Mechanism 2 (MIM2): an isoprene oxidation mechanism for regional and global atmospheric modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 14033–14085, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Waygood, S. and McElroy, W J.: Spectroscopy and decay kinetics of the sulfite radical anion in aqueous solution, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday T., 88, 1525–1530, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Wilkins, R C.: Uptake of oxygen by cobalt(II) complexes in solution, in: Bioinorganic Chemistry, no. 100 in Advances in Chemistry Series, ACS, Washington, D.C., 1971. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

