<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>8</volume_number>
		<issue_number>6</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-8-20019-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/20019/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/20019/2008/acpd-8-20019-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/20019/2008/acpd-8-20019-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>20019</start_page>
	<end_page>20050</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-11-28</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Real-time observation of secondary aerosol formation during a fog event in London</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Dall&apos;Osto</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>R. M. Harrison</name>
			<email>r.m.harrison@bham.ac.uk</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2">
			<name>H. Coe</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="2">
			<name>P. Williams</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Division of Environmental Health &amp; Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth &amp; Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric &amp; Environmental Sciences,  The Univ. of Manchester, Simon Building Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A fog event was monitored with state-of-the art real-time aerosol mass spectrometers
in an urban background location in London (England) during the REPARTEE-I experiment.
Specific particle types rich in hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS) were found only during
the fog event. Formation of inorganic and organic secondary aerosol was observed as
soon as fog was detected and two different mechanisms are suggested to be responsible
for the production of two different types of aerosol. Humic-like substances (HULIS)
appear to be produced in the gas phase and condense into the interstitial aerosol,
while nitrate aerosol is produced in the liquid phase within the droplet. Not only
are secondary aerosol constituents produced during the fog event, but the primary
aerosol is observed to be processed by the fog event, dramatically changing its chemical properties.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Abdalmogith,S. S. and Harrison, R. M.: An analysis of spatial and temporal properties of daily sulphate, nitrate and chloride concentrations at UK Urban and rural sites, J. Environ. Monit., 8, 91β699, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Alfarra, M. R., Paulsen, D., Gysel, M., Garforth, A. A., Dommen, J., Prιvτt, A. S. H., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Coe, H.: A mass spectrometric study of secondary organic aerosols formed from the photooxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors in a reaction chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5279β5293, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Allan, J. D., Jimenez, J. L., Coe, H., Bower, K. N., Williams, P. I., and Worsnop, D. R.: Quantitative sampling using an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer β Part~1: Techniques of data interpretation and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., Atmospheres, 108(D3), 4090, doi:10.1029/2002JD002358, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Bower, K. N., Alfarra, M. R., Delia, A. E., Jimenez, J. L., Middlebrook, A. M., Drewnick, F., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Technical note: extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data, J. Aerosol. Sci., 35, 909β922, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Altieri, K. E., Carlton, A. G., Lim, H. J., Turpin, B. J., and Seitzinger, S. P.: Evidence for oligomer formation in clouds: Reactions of isoprene oxidation products, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4956β4960, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Andreae, M. O. and GelencsΓ©r, A.: Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3131β3148, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Blando, J. D. and Turpin, B. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud and fog droplets: a literature evaluation of plausibility, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1623β1632, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T. B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L. R., Trimborn, A. M., Northway, M. J., DeCarlo, P. F., Kolb, C. E., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26(2), 185β222, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Cappiello, A., De Simon, E., Fiorucci, C., Mangani, F., Palma, P., Trufelli, H., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: Molecular characterization of the water-soluble organic compounds in fogwater by ESIMS/MS, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1229β1240, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Altieri, K. E., Seitzinger, S., Reff, A., Lim, H. J., and Ervens, B.: Atmospheric oxalic acid and SOA production from glyoxal: Results of aqueous photooxidation experiments, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7588β7602, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Lim, H. J., Altieri, K. E., and Seitzinger, S.: Link between isoprene and secondary organic aerosol (SOA): Pyruvic acid oxidation yields low volatility organic acids in clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06822, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025374, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Crane, R. I. and Evans, R. L.: Inertial deposition of particles in a bent pipe, J. Aerosol Sci., 8, 161β170, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Dall&apos;Osto, M. and Harrison, R. M.: Chemical characterisation of single airborne particles in Athens (Greece) by ATOFMS, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7614β7631, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281β8289, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Drewnick, F., Hings, S. S., DeCarlo, P., Jayne, J. T., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Weimer, S., Jimenez, J. L., Demerjian, K. L., Borrmann, S., and Worsnop, D. R.: A new Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (TOF-AMS) β instrument description and first field deployment, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 637β658, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Ervens, B., Feingold, G., Frost, G. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A modeling study of aqueous production of dicarboxylic acids: 1. Chemical pathways and speciated organic mass production, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109(D15), D15205, doi:10.1029/2003JD004387, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Krivacsy, Z., Meszaros, E., Hansson, H. C., Alsberg, T., and Zebuhr, Y.: Partitioning of the organic aerosol component between fog droplets and interstitial air, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104(D21), 26 821β26 832, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Feng, J. S. and Moller, D.: Characterization of water-soluble macromolecular substances in cloud water, J. Atmos. Chem., 48, 217β233, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Matta, E., and Mircea, M.: Soluble organic compounds in fog and cloud droplets: what have we learned over the past few years?, Atmos. Res., 64, 89β98, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Gard E., Mayer, J. E., Morrical, B. D., Dienes, T., Fergenson, D. P., and Prather, K. A.: Real-time analysis of individual atmospheric aerosol particles: Design and performance of a portable ATOFMS, Anal. Chem., 69, 4083β4091, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> GelencsΓ©r, A. and Varga, Z.: Evaluation of the atmospheric significance of multiphase reactions in atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2823β2831, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Graber, E. R. and Rudich, Y.: Atmospheric HULIS: How humic-like are they? A comprehensive and critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 729β753, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Gross, D. S., Galli, M. E., Kalberer, M., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Alfarra, M. R., Duplissy, J., Gaeggeler, K., Gascho, A., Metzger, A., and Baltensperger, U.: Real-time measurement of oligomeric species in secondary organic aerosol with the aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 2130β2137, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Gross, D. S., Galli, M. E., Silva, P. J., Wood, S. H., Liu D.-Y., and Prather, K. A.: Single particle characterization of automobile and diesel truck emissions in the Caldecott Tunnel, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 32, 152β163, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Hennigan, C. J., Sullivan, A. P., Fountoukis, C. I., Nenes, A., Hecobian, A., Vargas, O., Peltier, R. E., Case Hanks, A. T., Huey, L. G., Lefer, B. L., Russell, A. G., and Weber, R. J.: On the volatility and production mechanisms of newly formed nitrate and water soluble organic aerosol in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3761β3768, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Herckes, P., Chang, H., Le,e T., and Collett, J. L.: Air pollution processing by radiation fogs, Water Air Soil Poll., 181(1β4), 65β75, 2007a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Herckes, P., Leenheer, J. A., and Collett, J. L.: Comprehensive characterization of atmospheric organic matter in Fresno, California fog water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 393β399, 2007b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Herckes, P., Lee, T., Trenary, L., Kang, G. G., Chang, H., and Collett, J. L.: Organic matter in Central California radiation fogs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4777β4782, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Zhang, X., Smith, K. A., Morris, J. W., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Kiss, G., Tombacz, E., Varga, B., Alsberg, T., and Persson, L.: Estimation of the average molecular weight of humic-like substances isolated from fine atmospheric aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3783β3794, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Kiss, G., Varga, B., Gelencser, A., Krivacsy, Z., Molnar, A., Alsberg, T., Persson, L., Hansson, H. C., and Facchini, M. C.: Characterisation of polar organic compounds in fog water, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2193β2200, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Krivacsy, Z., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Meszaros, E., Molnar, A., Hoffer, A., Meszaros, T., Sarvari, Z. Temesi, D., Varga, B., Baltensperger, U., Nyeki, S., and Weingartner, E.: Study on the chemical character of water soluble organic compounds in fine atmospheric aerosol at the Jungfraujoch, J. Atmos. Chem., 39, 235β259, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Laj, P., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi, G., Berner, A., Kruisz, C., Wobrock, W., Hallberg, A., Bower, K. N., Gallagher, M. W., Beswick, K. M., Colvile, R. N., Choularton, T. W., Nason, P., and Jones, B.: Experimental evidence for in-cloud production of aerosol sulphate, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2503β2514, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Lillis, D., Cruz, C. N., Collett, J., Richards, L. W., and Pandis, S. N.: Production and removal of aerosol in a polluted fog layer: model evaluation and fog effect on PM, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4797β4816, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Lim, H. J., Carlton, A. G., and Turpin, B. J.: Isoprene forms secondary organic aerosol through cloud processing: Model simulations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4441β4446, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Loeffler, K. W., Koehler, C. A., Paul, N. M., and De Haan, D. O.: Oligomer formation in evaporating aqueous glyoxal and methyl glyoxal solutions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6318β6323, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Murphy, D. M.: The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 150β165, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Ning, Z., Geller, M. D., Moore, K. F., Sheesley, R., Schauer, J. J., and Sioutas, C.: Daily variation in chemical characteristics of urban ultrafine aerosols and inference of their sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6000β6006, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Noble, C. A. and Prather, K. A.: Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: A historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 19, 248β274, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., DeMott, P. J., and Ziemann, P. J.: Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112(D10), D10223, doi:10.1029/2006JD007963, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Pui, D. Y. H., Romay-Novas, F., and Liu, B. Y. H.: Experimental study of particle deposition in bends of circular cross section, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 7, 301β15, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Qin, X. Y., Bhave, P. V., and Prather, K. A.: Comparison of two methods for obtaining quantitative mass concentrations from aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry measurements, Anal. Chem., 78(17), 6169β6178, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Qin, X. Y. and Prather, K. A.: Impact of biomass emissions on particle chemistry during the California Regional Particulate Air Quality Study, Intl. J. Mass Spectrom., 258, 142β150, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Rebotier, T. P. and Prather, K. A.: Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry data analysis: A benchmark of clustering algorithms, Anal. Chim. Acta, 585, 38β54, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Reinard, M. S., Adou, K., Martini, J. M., and Johnston, M. V.: Source characterization and identification by real-time single particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Environ., 41, 9397β9409, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Shilling, J. E., King, S. M., Mochida, M., and Martin, S. T.: Mass spectral evidence that small changes in composition caused by oxidative aging processes alter aerosol CCN properties, J. Phys. Chem. A., 111, 3358β3368, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Silva, P. J. and Prather, K. A.: Interpretation of mass spectra from organic compounds in aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 72, 3553β3562, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Song, X. H., Hopke, P. K., Fergenson, D. P., and Prather, K. A.: Classification of single particles analyzed by ATOFMS using an artificial neural network, ART-2A, Anal. Chem., 71, 860β865, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Spencer, M. T., Shields, L. G., Sodeman, D. A., Toner, S. M., and Prather, K. A.: Comparison of oil and fuel particle chemical signatures with particle emissions from heavy and light duty vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5224β5235, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Toner, S. M., Shields, L. G., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.: Using mass spectral source signatures to apportion exhaust particles from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles in a freeway study using UF-ATOFMS, Atmos. Environ., 42, 568β581, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Warneck, P.: In-cloud chemistry opens pathway to the formation of oxalic acid in the marine atmosphere, Atmos. Environ.,37, 2423β2427, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Whiteaker, J. R. and Prather, K. A.: Hydroxymethanesulfonate as a tracer for fog processing of individual aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1033β1043, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Williams, P. I., McFiggans, G., and Gallagher, M. W.: Latitudinal aerosol size distribution variation in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean measured aboard the FS-Polarstern, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2563β2573, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Yao, X. H., Fang, M., and Chan, C. K.: Size distributions and formation of dicarboxylic acids in atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2099β2107, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Yao, X. H., Lau, A. P. S., Fang, M., Chan, C. K., and Hu, M.: Size distributions and formation of ionic species in atmospheric particulate pollutants in Beijing, China: 2 β dicarboxylic acids, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3001β3007, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Zhang, Q., Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Deconvolution and quantification of hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols based on aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4938β4952, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Zhang, X., Smith, K. A., Worsnop, D. R., Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., and Kolb, C. E.: A numerical characterization of particle beam collimation by an aerodynamic lens-nozzle system β Part~1: An individual lens or nozzle, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 36, 617β631, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Zhang, X., Smith, K. A., Worsnop, D. R., Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Morris, J., and Davidovits, P., Numerical characterization of particle beam collimation β Part~2: Integrated aerodynamic lens-nozzle system, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 619β638, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Zhang, Q., Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Deconvolution and quantification of hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols based on aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4938β4952, 2005. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

