<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-8-17763-2008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Gaseous elemental and reactive mercury in southern New Hampshire</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sigler</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mao</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Talbot</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space Climate Change Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>17763</fpage>
<lpage>17802</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/17763/2008/acpd-8-17763-2008.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/17763/2008/acpd-8-17763-2008.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/17763/2008/acpd-8-17763-2008.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/17763/2008/acpd-8-17763-2008.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We conducted measurements of Hg&amp;deg; and RGM at two inland sites, Thompson
Farm (TF) and Pac Monadnock (PM), and a marine site (Appledore Island – AI)
from the UNH AIRMAP observing network in New Hampshire in 2007. Measurements
of other important trace gases and meteorological variables were used to
help understand influences on the atmospheric Hg budget in New England.
Seasonal variation in both species observed at TF and PM is attributable to
such factors as seasonal variation in deposition strength, meteorological
conditions and biogenic emissions. Hg&amp;deg; and RGM varied diurnally at TF,
particularly in spring, following the trend in air temperature and jNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
and suggesting photochemical production of RGM. The diurnal patterns of
Hg&amp;deg; and RGM at AI during summer were nearly opposite in phase, with
Hg&amp;deg; decreasing through late afternoon, suggesting more significant
photochemical oxidation of Hg&amp;deg; to RGM in the marine environment, likely
due to the presence of marine halogen compounds. A strong relationship of
RGM with SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at TF suggests a strong contribution of RGM from
anthropogenic sources. Significant levels of halogen compounds measured at
TF in previous studies, as well as similar Hg&amp;deg; levels and Hg&amp;deg;-CO
ratios at TF and AI may suggest that similar air masses are prevalent at
these sites.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="40"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bash, J. O. and Miller, D. R.: A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring surface fluxes of total gaseous mercury, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 25, 244–257, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Calvert, J. G. and Lindberg, S. E.: Mechanisms of mercury removal by O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and OH in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3355–3367, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Carpi, A.: Mercury from combustion sources: a review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 745–767, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Engle, M. A., Tate, M. T., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Kolker, A., Olson, M. L., Edgerton, E. S., DeWild, J. F., and McPherson, A. K.: Characterization and cycling of atmospheric mercury along the central US Gulf Coast, Appl. Geochem., 23, 419–437, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> EPA: Mercury Study Report to Congress, United States Environmental Protection Agency, available at: www.epa.gov/mercury.html (last access July 2008), Washington, D.C., USA, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> EPA: US Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports, United States Environmental Protection Agency, available at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html (last access June 2008), Washington, D.C., USA, 2008a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> EPA: National Emissions Inventory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html (last access June 2008), Washington, D.C., USA, 2008b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Evers, D. C., Han, Y., Driscoll, C. T., Kamman, N. C., Goodale, M. W., Lambert, K. F., Holsen, T. M., Chen, C. Y., Clair, T. A., and Butler, T.: Biological mercury hotspots in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, BioScience, 57, 29–43, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fischer, E. and Talbot, R.: Regional NO$_3^-$ events in the northeastern United States related to seasonal climate anomalies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16804, doi:10.1029/2005GL023490, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gabriel, M. C., Williamson, D. G., Brooks, S., and Lindberg, S. E.: Atmospheric speciation of mercury in two contrasting southeastern US airsheds, Atmos. Env., 39, 4947–4958, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gustin, M. S. and Stamenkovic, L.: Effect of watering and soil moisture on mercury emissions from soils, Biogeochem., 76, 215–232, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Han, Y. J., Holsen, T. M., Lai, S. O., Hopke, P. K., Yi, S. M., Liu, W., Pagano, J., Falanga, L., Milligan, M., and Andolina, C.: Atmospheric gaseous mercury concentrations in New York State: relationships with meteorological data and other pollutants, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6431–6446, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kellerhals, M., Beauchamp, S., Belzer, W., Blanchard, P., Froude, F., Harvey, B., McDonald, K., Pilote, M., Poissant, L., Puckett, K., Schroeder, B., Steffen, A., and Tordon, R.: Temporal and spatial variability of total gaseous mercury in Canada: results from the Canadian Atmospheric Mercury Measurement Network (CAMNet), Atmos. Environ., 37, 1003–1011, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kim, K.-H., Lindberg, S. E., and Meyers, T. P.: Micrometeorological measurements of mercury vapor fluxes over background forest soils in eastern Tennessee, Atmos. Environ., 29, 267–282, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kim, K. H., Ebinghaus, R., Schroeder, W. H., Blanchard, P., Kock, H. H., Steffen, A., Froude, F. A., Kim, M. Y., Hong, S. M., and Kim, J. H.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations from several observatory sites in the Northern Hemisphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 50, 1–24, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Knipping, E. M., Lakin, M. J., Foster, K. L., Jungwirth, P., Tobias, D. J., Gerber, R. B., Dabdub, D., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Experiments and simulations of ion-enhanced interfacial chemistry on aqueous NaCl aerosols, Science, 288, 301–306, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Schaedlich, F., and Prestbo, E. M.: Development and characterization of an annular denuder methodology for the measurement of divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(13), 3000–3009, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Laurier, F. J. G., Mason, R. P., and Whalin, L.: Reactive gaseous mercury formation in the North Pacific Ocean&apos;s marine boundary layer: a potential role of halogen chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D17), 4529, doi:10.1029/2003JD003625, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Laurier, F. and Mason, R.: Mercury concentration and speciation in the coastal and open ocean boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007320, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindberg, S. E., Meyers, T. P., Taylor, G. E., Turner, R. R., and Schroeder, W. H.: Atmosphere-surface exchange of mercury in a forest: Results of modeling and gradient approaches, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2519–2528, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindberg, S. E. and Stratton, W. J.: Atmospheric mercury speciation: concentrations and behavior of reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 49–57, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindberg, S. E., Hanson, P. J., Meyers, T. P., and Kim, K.-H.: Air/surface exchange of mercury vapor over forests – The need for a reassessment of continental biogenic emissions, Atmos. Environ., 32(5), 895–908, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindberg, S. E., Zhang, H., Gustin, M., Vette, A., Marsik, F., Owens, J., Casimir, A., Ebinghaus, R., Edwards, G., Fitzgerald, C., Kemp, J., Kock, H. H., London, J., Majewski, M., Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Rasmussen, P., Schaedlich, F., Schneeberger, D., Sommar, J., Turner, R., Wallschläger, D., and Xiao, Z.: Increases in mercury emission from desert soils in response to rainfall and irrigation, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D17), 21 879–21 888, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindberg, S. E., Brooks, S., Lin, C. J., Scott, K. J., Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Goodsite, M., and Richter, A.: Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the arctic troposphere during polar sunrise, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(6), 1245–1256, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Liu, B., Keeler, G. J., Dvonch, J. T., Barres, J. A., Lynam, M. M., Marsik, F. J., and Morgan, J. T.: Temporal variability of mercury speciation in urban air, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1911–1923, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lynam, M. M. and Keeler, G. J.: Automated speciated mercury measurements in Michigan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 9253–9262, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Malcolm, E. G., Keeler, G. J., and Landis, M. S.: The effects of the coastal environment on the atmospheric mercury cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4357, doi:10.1029/2002JD003084, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Manolopoulos, H., Schauer, J. J., Purcell, M. D., Rudolph, T. M., Olson, M. L., Rodger, B., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Local and regional factors affecting atmospheric mercury speciation at a remote location, J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 6, 491–501, 2007a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Manolopoulos, H., Snyder, D. C., Schauer, J. J., Hill, J. S., Turner, J. R., Olson, M. L., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Sources of speciated atmospheric mercury at a residential neighborhood impacted by industrial sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5626–5633, 2007b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mao, H. and Talbot, R.: O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and CO in New England: Temporal variations and relationships, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21304, doi:10.1029/2004JD004913, 2004a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mao, H. and Talbot, R.: Role of meteorological processes in two New England ozone episodes during summer 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20305, doi:10.1029/2004JD004850, 2004b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mao, H., Talbot, R. W., Sigler, J. M., Sive, B. C., and Hegarty, J. D.: Seasonal and diurnal variations of Hg&amp;deg; over New England, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1403–1421, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mason, R. P. and Sheu, G.-R.: Role of the ocean in the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(4), 1093, doi:10.1029/2001GB001440, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> NESCAUM: Inventory of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the northeast, Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management, www.nescaum.org (last access June 2008), Boston, MA., USA, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Obrist, D., Conen, F., Vogt, R., Siegwolf, R., and Alewell, C.: Estimation of Hg&amp;deg; exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere using $^222$Rn and Hg&amp;deg; concentration changes in the stable nocturnal boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 40, 856–866, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Poissant, L. and Casimir, A.: Water-air and soil-air exchange rate of total gaseous mercury at background sites, Atmos. Environ., 32, 883–893, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Xu, X., Zhang, H., and Beauvais, C.: Atmospheric mercury speciation and deposition in the Bay of St. Francois wetlands, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11301, doi:10.1029/2003JD004364, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Xu, X., Beauvais, C., Constant, P., and Zhang, H.: A year of continuous measurements of three atmospheric mercury species in southern Quebec, Canada, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1275–1287, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pszenny, A. A. P., Keene, W. C., Jacob, D. J., Fan, S., Maben, J. R., Zetwo, M. P., Springer-Young, M., and Galloway, J. N.: Evidence of inorganic chlorine gases other than hydrogen chloride in marine surface air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 699–702, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Saiz-Lopez, A., Shillito, J. A., Coe, H., and Plane, J. M. C.: Measurements and modelling of I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, IO, OIO, BrO and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1513–1528, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sigler, J. M. and Lee, X.: Recent trends in anthropogenic emission in the northeast United States, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14316, doi:10.1029/2005JD006814, 2006a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sigler, J. M. and Lee, X.: Gaseous mercury in background forest soil in the northeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G02007, doi:10.1029/2005JG000106, 2006b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sigler, J. M., Mao, H., Sive, B. C., and Talbot, R. W.: Oceanic influence on atmospheric mercury at coastal and inland sites: A springtime noreaster in New England, Geophys. Res. Lett., in review, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Talbot, R., Mao, H., and Sive, B.: Diurnal characteristics of surface level O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and other important trace gases in New England, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09307, doi:10.1029/2004JD005449, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Valente, R. J., Shea, C., Humes, K. L., and Tanner, R. L.: Atmospheric mercury in the Great Smoky Mountains compared to regional and global levels, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1861–1873, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> VanArsdale, A., Weiss, J., Keeler, G., Miller, E., Boulet, G., Brulotte, R., and Poissant, L.: Patterns of mercury deposition and concentration in northeastern North America (1996–2002), Ecotoxicology, 14, 37–52, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Weiss-Penzias, P., Jaffe, D. A., McClintick, A., Prestbo, E. M., and Landis, M. S.: Gaseous elemental mercury in the marine boundary layer: Evidence for rapid removal in anthropogenic pollution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3755–3763, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Yatavelli, R. L. N., Fahrni, J. K., Kim, M., Crist, K. C., Vickers, C. D., Winter, S. E., and Connell, D. P.: Mercury, PM$_2.5$ and gaseous co-pollutants in the Ohio River Valley region: Preliminary results from the Athens supersite, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6650–6665, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhou, Y., Varner, R. K., Russo, R. S., Wingenter, O. W., Haase, K. B., Talbot, R., and Sive, B. C.: Coastal water source of short-lived halocarbons in New England, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21302, doi:10.1029/2004JD005603, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhou, Y., Varner, R. K., Mao, H., Russo, R. S., Blake, D. R., Wingenter, O. W., Haase, K. B., Talbot, R., and Sive, B. C.: Bromoform and dibromomethane measurements in the seacoast region of New Hampshire, 2002–2004, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D08305, doi:10.1029/2007JD009103, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>