References

ACPD

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions

ACPD

1680-7375

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acpd-8-1673-2008

The influence of natural and anthropogenic secondary sources on the glyoxal global distribution

Myriokefalitakis

¹ Vrekoussis

² Tsigaridis

³ Wittrock

² Richter

² Brühl

⁴ Volkamer

⁵ Burrows

J. P.

² Kanakidou

Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece

Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing, IUP, University of Bremen, Germany

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Max Planck Institute, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Mainz, Germany

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

31 01 2008

8 1 1673 1708

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/1673/2008/acpd-8-1673-2008.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/1673/2008/acpd-8-1673-2008.pdf

Glyoxal, the smallest dicarbonyl, which has recently been observed from space, is expected to provide indications on VOC oxidation and secondary aerosol formation in the troposphere. Glyoxal is known to be mostly of natural origin and is produced during biogenic VOC oxidation. However, a number of anthropogenically emitted hydrocarbons, like acetylene and aromatics, have been positively identified as glyoxal precursors. The present study investigates the contribution of pollution emissions to the glyoxal levels by taking into account only the secondary chemical formation of glyoxal from precursors emitted from biogenic, anthropogenic and biomass burning sources. For this purpose, a global 3-dimensional chemistry transport model of the troposphere (TM4) able to simulate the gas phase chemistry coupled with all major aerosol components is used. The model results are compared with satellite observations of glyoxal columns over hot spot areas. According to TM4 model results, the anthropogenic contribution to the glyoxal columns is found to reach 70% in the industrialized areas of the northern hemisphere and up to 20% in the tropics. It is on average three times larger than the secondary production of glyoxal from biomass burning sources. The chemical production of glyoxal is calculated to equal about 56 Tg y−1 with 70% produced from biogenic hydrocarbons oxidation, 17% from acetylene, 11% from aromatic chemistry, and 2% from ethene and propene. Glyoxal is destroyed by reactions mainly with OH radicals (22%) and by photolysis (65%), but it is also removed from the atmosphere through wet (11%) and dry deposition (6%). Secondary organic aerosol potential formation through glyoxal losses on/in aerosols and clouds was neglected here due to the significant uncertainties associated with the underlying chemistry. The global annual mean glyoxal burden and lifetime in the model domain are estimated at 0.02 Tg and 3 h, respectively.

References 1

Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R., A., Crowley, J., N., Hampson, R., F., Hynes, R., G., Jenkin, M., E., Rossi, M., J., Troe, J., and IUPAC Subcommittee: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume II – gas phase reactions of organic species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3625–4055, 2006.

Bloss, C., Wagner, V., Jenkin, M. E., Volkamer, R., Bloss, W. J., Lee, J. D., Heard, D. E., Wirtz, K., Martin-Reviejo, M., Rea, G., Wenger, J. C., and Pilling, M. J.: Development of a detailed chemical mechanism (MCMv3.1) for the atmospheric oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 641–664, 2005.

Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P, Buchwitz, M, Frerick, J., Noel, S., Rozanov, V. V. Chance, K. V, and Goede, A. P. H.: SCIAMACHY: Mission objectives and measurement modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150, 1999.

Borrego, C., Gomes, P., Barros, N., and Miranda, A. I.: Importance of handling organic atmospheric pollutants for assessing air quality, J. Chromatogr. A, 889, 271-279, 2000.

Bracher, A., and Tilzer, M.: Underwater light field and phytoplankton absorbance in different surface water masses of the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean, Pol. Biol., 24, 687–696, 2001.

Burrows, J. P., Hölzle, E., Goede, A. P. H., Visser, H., and Fricke, W.: SCIAMACHY – Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography, Acta Astronaut., 35, 5 445–451, 1995.

Calvert, J. G., Atkinson, R., Kerr, J. A., Madronich, S., Moortgat, G. K., Wallington, T. J., and Yarwood, G.: The Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkenes, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.

Calvert, J. G., Atkinson, R., Becker, K. H., Kamens, R. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Wallington, T. J., and Yarwood, G.: The Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002.

Evans, J., Levy, J., Hammitt, J., Santos-Burgoa, C., Castille-Jos, M., Caballero-Ramirez, M., Hernandez-Avila, M., Riojas-Rodriguez, H., Rojas-Bracho, L., Serrano-Trespalacios, P., Spengler, J. D., and Suh, H.: Health benefits of air pollution control, in: Air Quality in the Mexico Megacities: An Integrated Assessment, edited by: Molina, L. T. and Molina, M. J., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 103–136, 2002.

Feierabend, K., Zhu, L., Talukdar, R. K., and Burkholder, J. B.: Rate coefficients for the OH + HC(O)C(O)H (Glyoxal) reaction between 210 and 390 K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112(1), 73–82, doi:10.1021/jp0768571, 2008.

Ganzeveld, L. and Lelieveld, J.: Dry deposition parameterization in a chemistry general circulation model and its influence on the distribution of reactive trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20 999–21 012, 1995.

García-Alonso, S., Pérez-Pastor, R., and Sevillano-Castaño, M. L.: Determination of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in atmospheric particulate matter by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatisation, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 88(3), 445–452, doi:10.1080/02772240600796837, 2006.

Garcia, A. R., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Samuelsson, J., Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Herndon, S., and Kolb, C. E.: Separation of emitted and photochemical formaldehyde in Mexico City using a statistical analysis and a new pair of gas-phase tracers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4545–4557, 2006.

Gottwald, M., Bovensmann, H., Lichtenberg, G., Noel, S., von Bargen, A., Slijkhuis, S., Piters, A., Hoogeveen, R., von Savigny, C., Buchwitz, M., Kokhanovsky, A., Richter, A., Rozanov, A., Holzer-Popp, T., Bramstedt, K., Lambert, J.-C., Skupin, J., Wittrock, F., Schrijver, H., and Burrows, J.P.: SCIAMACHY, Monitoring the Changing Earth's Atmosphere, Published by DLR, 2006.

Gregg, J. W., Jones, C. G., and Dawson, T. E.: Urbanization, air pollution and tree growth in the vicinity of New York City, Nature, 424, 183–187, 2003.

Granier C., Guenther, A., Lamarque, J.F., Mieville, A., Muller, J. F., Olivier, J., Orlando, J., Peters, J., Petron, G., Tyndall, G., and Wallens, S.: POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors, available on the internet at: http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/project/ACCENT/POET.php, 2005.

Griffin, R. J., Cocker III, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organic aerosol formation from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3555–3567, 1999a

Griffin, R. J., Cocker III, D. R., Seinfeld, J. H., and Dabdub, D.: Estimate of global atmospheric organic aerosol from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2721–2724, 1999b

Grosjean, E., DeAndrade, J. B., and Grosjean, D.: Carbonyl products of the gas-phase reaction of ozone with simple alkenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 975–983, 1996a.

Grosjean, E. and Grosjean, D.: The Reaction of Unsaturated Aliphatic Oxygenates with Ozone, J. Atmos. Chem., 32, 205–232, 1999.

Grosjean, D., Grosjean, E., and Gertler, A. W.: On-Road Emissions of Carbonyls from Light-Duty and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 45–53, 2001.

Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995.

Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P.,Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, 2006.

Hays, D. M., Geron, D. C., Linna, J. K., Smith, D. M., and Schauer, J. J.: Speciation of Gas- Phase and Fine particle emissions from burning of foliar fuels, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(11), 2281–2295, doi:10.1021/es0111683, 2002.

Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Russell, L. M., Huebert, B. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Liao, H., and Weber, R. J.: A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models, J. Geophys. Res., 32, L18809, doi:10.1029/2005GL023831, 2005.

Ho, S. S. H. and Yu, J. Z.: Feasibility of collection and analysis of airborne carbonyls by on-sorbent derivatization and thermal desorption, Anal. Chem., 74 1232–1240, 2002.

IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Summary of Evaluated Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry, Web Version February, http://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/summary/IUPACsumm_web_Feb2006.pdf, 2006.

Jeuken, A., Veefkind, J. P., Dentener, F., Metzger, S., and Gonzalez, C. R.: Simulation of the aerosol optical depth over Europe for August 1997 and a comparison with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28 295–28 311, 2001.

Jang, M. and Kamens, R. M.: Atmospheric secondary aerosol formation by heterogeneous reactions of aldehydes in the presence of a sulfuric acid aerosol catalyst, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 24, 4758–4766, 2001.

Jing, L. H., Steinberg, S. M., and Johnson, B. J.: Aldehyde and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixing ratios at an urban site in Las Vegas, Nevada, J. Air Waste Manage., 51 1359–1366, 2001.

Kanakidou, M. and Crutzen, P. J.: The photochemical source of carbon monoxide: Importance, Uncertainties and feedbacks, Chemosphere: Global Change Science, 1, 91–109, 1999.

Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosols and global climate modeling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, 2005.

Kawamura, K., Kasukabe, H., and Barrie, L. A.: Source and reaction pathways of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids and dicarbonyls in arctic aerosols: One year of observations, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1709–1722, 1996.

Kawamura, K., Steinberg S., and Kaplan I. R.: Homologous series of C-1-C-10 monocarboxylic acids and C-1-C-6 carbonyls in Los Angeles air and motor vehicle exhausts, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4175–4191, 2000.

Kean, A. J., Grosjean, E., Grosjean, D., and Harley, R. A.: On-Road Measurement of Carbonyls in California Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4198–4204, 2001.

Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Murphy, S. M., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chamber studies of secondary organic aerosol growth by reactive uptake of simple carbonyl compounds, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23207, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006004, 2005.

Landgraf, J. and Crutzen, P. J.: An efficient method for online calculation of photolysis and heating rates, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 863–878, 1998.

Lelieveld, J., Peters, W., Dentener, F. J., and Krol, M. C.: Stability of tropospheric hydroxyl chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4715, doi:10.1029/2002JD002272, 2002.

Lee, Y. N., Zhou, X. L., and Hallock, K.: Atmospheric carbonyl compounds at a rural southeastern United States site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 25 933–25 944, 1995.

Liggio, J., and McLaren, R.: An optimized method for the determination of volatile and semi-volatile aldehydes and ketones in ambient particulate matter, Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 83, 819–835, 2003.

Liggio, J., Li, S. M., and McLaren, R.: Heterogeneous reactions of glyoxal on particulate matter identification of acetals and sulfate esters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1532–1541, 2005a.

Liggio, J., Li, S. M., and McLaren, R.: Reactive uptake of glyoxal by particulate matter, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10304, doi:10310.11029/2004JD005113, 2005b.

Lim, H. J., Carlton A. G., and Turpin, B. J.: Isoprene forms secondary organic aerosol through cloud processing: Model simulations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4441–4446, 2005.

Loeffler, K. W., Koehler, C. A., Paul, N. M., and de Haan, D. O.: Oligomer Formation in Evaporating Aqueous Glyoxal and Methyl Glyoxal Solutions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6318–6323, 2006

Matsunaga, S., Mochida, M., and Kawamura, K.: Growth of organic aerosols by biogenic semi-volatile carbonyls in the forestal atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2045–2050, 2003.

Moortgat, G. K., Grossmann, D., Boddenberg, A., Dallmann, G., Ligon, A. P., Turner, W. V., Gab, S., Slemr, F., Wieprecht, W., Acher, K., Kilber, M., Schlomski, S., Bachmann, K.: Hydrogen Peroxide, Organic Peroxides and Higher Carbonyl Compounds Determined during the BERLIOZ Campaign, J. Atmos. Chem. 42, 443–463, 2002.

Munger, J. W., Jacob, D. J., Daube, B. C., Horowitz, L. W., Keene, W. C., and Heikes B. G.: Formaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal in air and cloudwater at a rural mountain site in central Virginia, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9325–9334, 1995.

Olivier, J., Peters, J., Granier, C., Petron, G., Muller, J. F., and Wallens, S.: Present and Future surface emissions of anthropogenic compounds, POET report #2, EU project EVK2-1999-00011, 2003.

Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., and Kurosu, T. P.: Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D6), 4180, doi:10.1029/2002JD002153, 2003.

Poisson, N., Kanakidou, M., and Crutzen, P. J.: Impact of Non Methane Hydrocarbons on tropospheric chemistry and particular the oxidizing power of the global troposphere: 3-Dimensional Modelling results, J. Atmos. Chem., 36, 157–230, 2000.

Poisson, N., Kanakidou, M., Bonsang, B., Behmann, T., Burrows, J., Gölz, C., Harder, H., Lewis, A., Moortgat, G. K., Nunes, T., Pio, C., Platt, U., Sauer, F., Schuster, G., Seakins, P., Senzig, J., Seuwen, R., Trapp, D., Voltz-Thomas, A., Zenker, T., Zitzelberger, R.: The Impact of Natural NonMethane Hydrocarbon Oxidation on the Free Radical and Ozone budgets above a Eucalyptus forest, Chemosphere, Global Change Science, 3, 353–366, 2001.

Pope, C. A., and Dockery, D.W.: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect, J. Air Waste Manage., 54, 709–742, 2006.

Ramanathan, V. and Crutzen, P. J.: New directions: Atmospheric brown "Clouds", Atmos. Environ., 37, 4033–4035, 2003.

Sander, S.P., Ravishankara, A. R., Golden, D. M., Kolb, C. E, Kurylo, M. J., Molina, M. J., Moortgat, G. K., Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Wine, P. H., Huie, R. E.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies Evaluation Number 15, JPL Publication 06-2 (2006), available on the web at http://jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov/, 2006.

Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L. M.: Water-Soluble Organics in Atmospheric Particles: A Critical Review of the Literature and Application of Thermodynamics to Identify Candidate Compounds, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 57–109, 1996.

Saunders, S. M., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161–180, 2003

Singh, H. B., Salas, L. J., Chatfield, R. B., Czech, E., Fried, A., Walega, J., Evans, M. J., Field, B. D., Jacob, D. J., Blake, D., Heikes, B., Talbot, R., Sachse, G., Crawford, J. H., Avery, M. A., Sandholm, S., and Fuelberg, H.: Analysis of the atmospheric distribution, sources, and sinks of oxygenated volatile organic chemicals based on measurements over the Pacific during TRACE-P, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S07, doi:10.1029/2003JD003883, 2004.

Sinreich, R.: MAX-DOAS detection of glyoxal during ICARTT 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1293–1303, 2007.

Shindell, D. T., Faluvegi, G., Stevenson, D. S., Emmons, L. K., Lamarque, J. F., Petron G., Dentener, F. J., Ellingsen K., Eskes, H., and van Noije, T. P. C.: Multi-model simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007100, 2006.

Sorooshian, A., Lu, M. L., Brechtel, F. J., Jonsson, H., Feingold, G., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: On the source of organic acid aerosol layers above clouds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4647–4654, 2007.

Spaulding, R. S., Schade, G. W., Goldstein, A. H., and Charles, M. J.: Characterization of secondary atmospheric photoxidation products: Evidents for biogenic and anthropogenic sources, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 4247, doi:10.1029/2002JD002478, 2003.

Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellingsen, K., and van Noije, T. P. C.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.

Tadi\`c, J., Moortgat, G. K., and Wirtz, K.: Photolysis of glyoxal in air, J. Photoch. Photobiol. A, 177, 116–124, 2006.

Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 1849–1869, 2003.

Tsigaridis, K., Krol, M., Dentener, F. J., Balkanski Y., Lathiere J., Metzger S., Hauglustaine, D. A., and Kanakidou, M.: Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5143–5162, 2006.

Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere, Atmos. Environ, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.045, 2007.

van Noije, T. P. C., van Eskes, H. J., van Weele, M., and van Velthoven, P. F. J.: Implications of the enhanced Brewer-Dobson circulation in European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis ERA-40 for the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of ozone in global chemistry transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19308, doi:10.1029/2004JD004586, 2004.

van Noije, T. P. C. van Eskes H. J., Dentener, F. J., Stevenson, D. S., Ellingsen, K., Schultz, M. G., and Wild, O.: Multi-model ensemble simulations of tropospheric NO2 compared with GOME retrievals for the year 2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2943–2979, 2006.

Velasco, E., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Allwine, E., Sosa, G., Arriaga-Colina, J. L., Jobson, B. T., Alexander, M. L., Prazeller, P., Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M, Grutter, M. Herndon, S. C., Kolb, C. E., Zavala, M., de Foy, B., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Distribution, magnitudes, reactivities, ratios and diurnal patterns of volatile organic compounds in the Valley of Mexico during the MCMA 2002 & 2003 field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 329–353, 2007.

Volkamer, R., Platt, U., and Wirtz, K.: Primary and secondary glyoxal formation from aromatics: experimental evidence for the bicycloalkyl-radical pathway from benzene, toluene, and p-xylene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 7865–7874, 2001.

Volkamer, R., Barnes, I., Platt, U., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Remote Sensing of Glyoxal by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS): Advancements in simulations champers and field experiments, paper presented at Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Simulation Chambers: Application to Atmospheric Chemical Processes, NATO, Zakopane, Poland, 1–4 October, 2005a.

Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Shirley, T., and Brune, W. H.: DOAS measurement of glyoxal as an indicator for fast VOC chemistry in urban air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08806, doi:10.1029/2005GL022616, 2005b.

Volkamer, R., Spietz, P., Burrows, J., Platt U.: High-resolution absorption cross-section of glyoxal in the UV–vis and IR spectral ranges, J. Photoch. Photobiol. A, 172, 35–46, 2005c.

Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J. L, Martini, F. S., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Molina, M. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17811, doi:10.1029/2006GL026899, 2006a.

Volkamer, R., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Brauers, T., and Wahner, A.: Spatial Variability of Glyoxal, HCHO and NO2 during PRD-2006: Comparison of mobile Mini-MAX-DOAS and OMI satellite data in the Pearl River Delta, China. Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A31B-0897, 2006b.

Volkamer, R., San Martini, F., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Jimenez, J. L., and Molina, M. J.: A Missing Sink for Gas-Phase Glyoxal in Mexico City: Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19807, doi:10.1029/2007GL030752, 2007a.

Vountas,~M., Dinter,~T., Bracher,~A., Burrows,~J P., and Sierk,~B.: Spectral studies of ocean water with space-borne sensor SCIAMACHY using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Ocean Sci., 3, 429–440, 2007.

Vrekoussis, M., Kanakidou, M., Mihalopoulos, M., Crutzen, P J., Lelieveld, J., Perner, D., Berresheim, H., and Baboukas, E.: Role of the NO3 radicals in oxidation processes in the eastern Mediterranean troposphere during the MINOS campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 169–182, 2004.

Wittrock, F., Oetjen, H., Richter, A., Fietkau, S., Medeke, T., Rozanov, A., and Burrows, J. P.: MAX-DOAS measurements of atmospheric trace gases in Ny-Alesund-Radiative transfer studies and their application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 955–966, 2004.

Wittrock, F., Richter, A., Oetjen, H., Burrows, J.P., Kanakidou, M., Myriokefalitakis, S., Volkamer, R., Beirle, S., Platt, U., and Wagner, T.: Simultaneous Global Observations of Glyoxal and Formaldehyde from Space, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16804, doi:10.1029/2006GL026310, 2006.

Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293–1304, 1989.