Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net 1680-7367 1680-7375 8 4 2008 10.5194/acpd-8-16409-2008 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/16409/2008/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/16409/2008/acpd-8-16409-2008.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/16409/2008/acpd-8-16409-2008.pdf 16409 16444 2008-08-27 Large-scale planetary disturbances in stratospheric temperature at high-latitudes in the Southern Summer Hemisphere M. G. Shepherd mshepher@yorku.ca T. Tsuda Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, Canada Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan The global structure and propagation of large-scale (periods >5 days) waves in the Southern Hemisphere summer (December 2006–February 2007) at 60° S–75° S latitude are examined using temperature data from GPS radio occultation measurements by COSMIC/FORMOSAT 3 satellite constellation from 10 to 40 km altitude. Spectral analysis has revealed eastward propagating planetary scale perturbations with wavenumbers 1 and 2 and periods of 10-, 16- and 23 days, zonally symmetric waves with the same periods and stationary waves with wavenumber 1 and 2. The presence of the zonally symmetric waves is interpreted as an indication of the coupling of the stationary and traveling waves. The results obtained show a very dynamically active Antarctic summer stratosphere. The novel aspect of the work is in the use of the GPS COSMIC data providing multiple local times each day, thus allowing large-scale wave analysis at high Southern latitudes and revealing planetary wave activity not normally observed in summer, but more consistent with late winter and spring conditions in the stratosphere. Anthes, R. A., Rocken, C., and Kuo, Y.-H.: Applications of COSMIC to meteorology and climate, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 11, 115–156, 2000. Anthes, R. A., Berhardt, P. A., Chen, Y., Cucurull, L., Dymond, K. F., Ector, D., Healy, S. B., Ho, S.-P., Hunt, D. C., Kuo, Y.-H., Lio, H., Manning, K., McCormick, C., Meehan, T. K., Randel, W. J., Rocken, C., Schreiner, W. S., Sokolovskiy, S. V., Syndergaard, S., Thompson, D., Trenberth, K. E., Wee, T.-K., Yen, N. L., and Zend, Z.: The COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 Mission, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 313–333, 2008. Alexander, S., Tsuda, T., and Kawatani, T.: COSMIC GPS observations of Northern Hemisphere winter stratospheric gravity waves and comparisons with an atmospheric General circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10808, doi:10.1029/2008GL033174, 2008a. Alexander, S., Tsuda, T., Kawatani, T., and Takahashi, M.: Global distribution of atmospheric waves in the equatorial upper-troposphere and lower stratosphere: COSMIC observations of wave mean flow interactions, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2008JD010039, in press, 2008b. Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and McDonald, A. J.: A gravity wave climatology for Antarctic compiled from Challenging Minisatellite Payload/Global Positioning System (CHAMP/GPS) radio occultations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05103, doi:10.1029/2006JD007504, 2007. Chapman, W. A., Cross, M. J., Flower, D. A., Peckham, G. E., and Smith, S. D.: A spectral analysis of global atmospheric temperature fields observed by the selective chopper radiometer on the Nimbus 4 satellite during the year 1970–1971, P. Roy. Soc. Lon. Ser.-A, 338, 57–76, 1974. Cheng, C.-Z, Kuo, Y.-H., Anthes, R. A., and Wu, L.: Satellite constellation monitors global and space weather, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 87, 166–167, 2006. Chshyolkova, T., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., Avery, S. K., Thorsen, D., MacDougall, J. W., Hocking, W., Murayama, Y., and Igarashi, K.: Planetary wave coupling processes in the middle atmosphere (30–90 km): A study involving MetO and MFR data, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 68, 353–368, 2006. de la Torre, A., Schmidt, T., and Wickert, J.: A global analysis of wave potential energy in the lower stratosphere derived from 5 years of GPS radio occultation data with CHAMP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L25809, doi:10.1029/2006GL027696, 2006. Ebel, A., Schwister, B., and Labitzke, K.: Planetary wave and solar activity in the stratosphere between 50 and 10~mbar, J. Geophys. Res., 86(C10), 9729–9738, 1981. Ebel, A., Dameris, M., Hass, H., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., and Petzoldt, K.: Vertical change of the response to solar activity oscillations with periods around 13 and 27 days in the middle atmosphere, Ann. Geophys., 4, 271–280, 1986. Ern, M., Preusse, P., Krebsbach, M., Mlynczak, M. G., and Russell III, J. M.: Equatorial wave analysis from SABER and ECMWF temperatures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 845–869, 2008. Espy, P. and Witt, G.: Observations of a quasi 16-day oscillation in the polar summer mesospheric temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1071–1074, 1996. Espy, P. J., Hibbins, R. E., Jones, G. O. L., Riggin, D. M., and Fritts, D. C.: Rapid, large-scale temperature changes in the polar mesosphere and their relationship to meridional flows, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1240, doi:10.1029/2002GL016452, 2003. Fedulina, I. N., Pogoreltsev, A. I., and Vaughan, G.: Seasonal, interannual and short-term variability of planetary waves in Met Office stratospheric assimilated fields, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 2445–2458, 2004. Fishbein, E. F., Elson, L. S., Froidevaux, L., Manney, G. L., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., and Zurek, R. W.: MLS observations of stratospheric waves in temperature and O<sub>3</sub> during the 1992 Southern winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(12), 1255–1258, 1993. Forbes, J. M., Hagan, M. E., Miyahara, S., Vial, F., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., and Portniagin, Y. I.: Quasi 16-day oscillation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9149–9163, 1995. Hartmann, D. L.: The structure of the stratosphere in the southern hemisphere during the late winter 1973 as observed by satellite, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1141–1154, 1974. Hartmann, D. L.: Stationary planetary waves in the southern hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4930–4934, 1977. Hartman, D. L.: Baroclinic instability of realistic zonal-mean states to planetary waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2336–2349, 1979. Hartmann, D.L., Mechoso, C. R., and Yamazaki, K.: Observations of wave-mean flow interaction in the southern hemisphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 351–362, 1984. Hayashi, Y.: A method of estimating single-time spectra from polar-orbiting satellite data, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1385–1392, 1980. Hei, H., Tsuda, T., and Hiroka, T.: Characteristics of atmospheric gravity wave activity in the Polar regions revealed by GPS radio occultation data with CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D04107, doi:10.1029/2007JD008938, 2008. Hio, Y. and Hirota, I.: Interannual variations of planetary waves in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80(4B), 1013–1027, 2002. Hirota, I.: Spectral analysis of planetary waves in the summer stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 53, 33–44, 1975. Hirota, I.: Seasonal variation of planetary waves in the stratosphere observed by the Nimbus 5 SCR, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 757–770, 1976. Hirooka, T.: Influence of normal mode Rossby waves on the mean field: interference with quasi-stationary waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2088–2097, 1986. Hirooka, T.: Normal mode Rossby waves as revealed by UARS/ISAMS observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1277–1285, 2000. Hirooka, T., and Hirota, I.: Normal mode Rossby waves observed in the upper stratosphere – Part 2: Second antisymmetric and symmetric modes of zonal wave numbers 1 and 2, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 536–548, 1985. Hirota, I. and Hirooka, T.: Normal mode Rossby waves observed in the upper stratosphere – Part 1: First symmetric modes of wavenumbers 1 and 2, J. Atmos. Sci.., 41, 1253–1267, 1984. Hocke, K.: Phase estimation with the Lomb-Scargle periodogram method, Ann. Geophys., 16, 356–358, 1998. Kuo, Y.-H., Wee, T.-K., Sokolovskiy, S., Rocken, C., Schreiner, W., Hunt, D., and Anthes, R. A.: Inversion and error estimation of GRP radio-occultation data, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82, 507–531, 2004. Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Schofield, J. T., Linfield, R. P., and Hardy, K. R.: Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23 429–23 465, 1997. Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Leroy, S. S., and Herman, B.: The GPS radio-occultation technique, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 11(1), 53–114, 2000. Langematz, U. and Kunze, M.: Dynamical Changes in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere during spring, in: Climate Variability and Extremes during the Past 100 Years, edited by: Bronnimann, S., Luterbacher, J., Ewen, T., et al., Springer Verlag, 293–301, 2008. Lawrence, A. R. and Jarvis, M. J.: Initial comparisons of planetary waves in the stratosphere, mesosphere and ionosphere over Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 203–206, 2001. Lawrence, A. R. and Jarvis, M. J.: Simultaneous observations of planetary waves from 30 to 220 km, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 65, 765–777, 2003. Luo, Y., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., Igarashi, K., and Jacobi, C.: Extra-long (20–40 day) oscillations in the mesosphere and lower thermospheric winds: Observations in Canada, Europe and Japan, and considerations of possible solar influence, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 63, 835–852, 2001. Luo, Y., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., Meyer, C. K., Burrage, M. D., Fritts, D. C., Hall, C. M., Hocking, W. K., MacDougall, J., Riggin, D. M., and Vincent, R. A.: The 16-day planetary waves: multi-MF radar observations from the arctic to the equator and comparison with the HRDI measurements and the GSWM modeling results, Ann. Geophys., 20, 691–709, 2002. Malinga, S. B. and Poole, L. M. G.: The 16-day variation in the mean flow at Grahamstown (33.3° S, 26.5° E), Ann. Geophys., 20, 2027–2031, 2002. Manney, G., Farrara, J., and Mechoso, C.: The behaviour of wave 2 in the southern hemisphere stratosphere during late winter and early spring, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 976–988, 1991. Mechoso, C. and Harmann, D.: An observational study of traveling planetary waves in the southern hemisphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1921–1935, 1982. Palo, S. E., Forbes, J. M., Zhang, X., Russell III, J. M., Mertens, C. J., Mlynczak, M. G., Burns, G. B., Espy, P. J., and Kawahara, T. D.: Planetary wave coupling from the stratosphere to the thermosphere during the 2002 Southern Hemisphere pre-stratwarm period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23809, doi:10.1029/2005GL024298, 2005. Pancheva, D. V. and Mitchell, N. J.: Planetary waves and variability of the semidiurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Esrange (68° N, 21° E) during winter, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A08307, doi:10.1029/2004JA010433, 2004. Pancheva, D. V., Mukhtarov, P., Mitchell, N. J., Antonov, B., Merzlyakov, E., Singer, W., Murayama, Y., Kawamura, S., Xiong, J., Wang, W., Hocking, W., Fritts, D., Riggin, D., Meek, C., and Manson, A.: Latitudinal wave coupling of the stratosphere and mesosphere during the major stratospheric warming in 2003/2004, Ann. Geophys., 26(3), 467–483, 2008. Prata, A. J.: The 4-day wave, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 150–155, 1984. Randel, W. J. and Stanford, J. L.: An observational study of medium-scale wave dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere summer – Part 1: Wave structure and energetics, J. Atmos. Sci., 42(11), 1172–1188, 1985. Randel, W. J. and Stanford, J. L.: An observational study of medium-scale wave dynamics in the Southern Hemisphere summer – Part 2: Stationary-transient wave interference, J. Atmos. Sci., 42(11), 1189–1197, 1985. Randel, W. J. and Newman, P. A.: The stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere, in: Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere, edited by: Karoly, D. J. and Vincent, D. G., B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 243–282, 1998. Randel, W. J. and Wu, F.: Kelvin wave variability near the equatorial tropopause observed in GPS radio occultation measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005006, 2005. Reber, C. A., Trevathan, C. E., McNeal, R. J., and Luther, M. R.: The upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS) mission, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 643–10 647, 1993. Rocken, C., Kuo, Y.-H., Schreiner, W., Hunt, D., Sokolovkiy, S., and McCormick, C.: COSMIC system description, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 11(1), 21–52, 2000. Rodgers, C. D.: Evidence for the five-day wave in the upper stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 710–711, 1976. Russell III, J. M., Mlynczak, M. G., Goldley, L. L., Tansock, J., and Espin, R.: An overview of the SABER experiment and preliminary calibration results, P. SPIE, 3756, 277–288, 1999. Salby, M. L.: Rossby normal modes in nonuniform background configuration – Part 2: Equinox and solstice conditions, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1837–1840, 1981. Salby, M. L.: Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations – Part 1: Space-time spectra resolution and aliasing , J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2577–2600, 1982a Salby, M. L.: Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations – Part 2: Fast Fourier synoptic mapping , J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2601–2614, 1982b. Salby, M. L.: Survey of planetary-scale traveling waves: The state of theory and observations, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 22(2), 209–236, 1984. Scargle J. D.: Studies in aeronomical time series analysis – 2: Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data, Astrophysics, 263, 835–853, 1982. Schoeberl, M. R., Douglass, A. R., Hilsenrath, E., et al.: Overview of the EOS AURA mission, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1066–1074, 2006. Schreiner, W., Rocken, C., Sokolovskiy, S., Syndergaard, S., and Hunt, D.: Estimates of the precision of GLS radio occultations from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 mission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04808, doi:10.1029/2006GL027557, 2007. Shiotani, M., Kuroi, K., and Hirota, I.: Eastward travelling waves in the southern hemisphere stratosphere during the spring of 1983, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 913–927, 1990. Shiotani, M., Shimoda, N., and Hirota, I.: Inter-annual variability of the stratospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 531–546, 1993. Shiotani, M., Gille, J. G., and Rocher, A. E.: Kelvin waves in the equatorial lower stratosphere as revealed by cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D22), 26 131–26 140, 1997. Southern Hemisphere winter summary, Climate Prediction Centre, (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/winter_bulletins/sh_06/, 2006. Speth, P. and Madden, R.: Space – time spectral analyses of Northern Hemisphere geopotential heights, J. Atmos. Sci, 40, 1086–1100, 1982. Taylor, F. W., Rodgers, C. D., Whitney, J. G., et al.: Remote sensing of atmospheric structure and composition by pressure modulator radiometry from space: The ISAMS experiment on UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 799–10 814, 1993. Tsai, H. F., Tsuda, T., Hajj, G. A., Wickert, J., and Aoyama, Y.: Equatorial Kelvin waves observed with GPS occultation measurements (CHAMP and SAC-C), J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82(1B), 397–406, 2004. Tsuda, T., Nishida, M., Rocken, C., and Ware, R. H.: A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the GPS occultation data GPS/MET, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D6), 7257–7273, 2000. Tsuda, T., Venkat Ratnam, M., Kozu, T., and Mori, S.: Characteristics of 10-day Kelvin Wave Observed with radiosondes and CHAMP/GPS occultation during the CPEA campaign (April–May 2004), J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 84A, 277–293, 2006. Ushimaru, S. and Tanaka, H.: A numerical study of the interaction between stationary Rossby waves and eastward-traveling waves in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1354–1373, 1992. Venkat Ratnam, M. V., Tetzlaff, G., and Jacobi, C.: Global and seasonal variations of stratospheric gravity wave activity deduced from the CHAMP/GPS satellite, J. Atmos. Sci., 61(13), 1610–1620, 2004. Venkat Ratnam, M. V., Tsuda, T., Kozu, T., and Mori, S.: Long-term behaviour of the Kelvin waves revealed by CHAP/GPS RO measurements and their effects on the tropopause structure, Ann. Geophys., 24, 1355–1366, 2006. Venne, D. E.: A 4-day winter polar stratosphere wave: Observations and theory. Middle Atmosphere Program, Handbook for MAP, Vol 2, Extended Abstracts from International Symposium on Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Transport, 28~July–1~August~1980, Urbana, Illinois, edited by: Avery, S. K., June 1981, 157–164, 1980. Venne, D. E. and Stanford, J. L.: Observation of a 4-day temperature wave in the polar winter stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2016–2019, 1979. Venne, D. E. and Stanford, J. L.: An observational study of high-latitude planetary waves in winter, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1026–1034, 1982. Waters, J. W., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R. S., et al.: The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura satellite, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1075–1092, 2006. Wheeler, M. and Kiladis, G. N.: Convectively coupled equatorial waves: analysis of clouds and temperature in the wave-frequency domain, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 374–399, 1999. Williams, C. R. and Avery, S. K.: Analysis of long-period waves using the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar at Poker Flat, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20 855–20 861, 1992. Wu, D. L., Hays, P. B., and Skinner, W. R.: A least squares method for spectral analysis of space-time series, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3501–3511, 1995. Yee, J. H.: TIMED Mission Science Overview, J. Hopkins Apl. Tech. D., 24(2), 136–141, 2003.