Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net 1680-7367 1680-7375 8 1 2008 10.5194/acpd-8-1457-2008 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/1457/2008/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/1457/2008/acpd-8-1457-2008.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/1457/2008/acpd-8-1457-2008.pdf 1457 1503 2008-01-29 The aerosol distribution in Europe derived with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model: comparison to near surface in situ and sunphotometer measurements V. Matthias volker.matthias@gkss.de GKSS Research Center, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany The aerosol distribution in Europe was simulated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model system for the years 2000 and 2001. The results were compared with daily averages of PM₁₀ measurements taken in the framework of EMEP and with aerosol optical depth (AOD) values measured within Aeronet. The modelled total aerosol mass is typically about 30–60% lower than the corresponding measurements. However a comparison of the chemical composition of the aerosol revealed a considerably better agreement between the modelled and the measured aerosol components for ammonium, nitrate and sulfate, which are on average only 15–20% underestimated. Sligthly worse agreement was determined for sea salt, that was only avaliable at two sites. The largest discrepancies result from the aerosol mass which was not chemically specified by the measurements. The agreement between measurements and model is better in winter than in summer. The modelled organic aerosol mass is higher in summer than in winter but it is significantly underestimated by the model. This could be the main reason for the discrepancies between measurements and model results. The probability distribution function of the PM₁₀ measurements follows a log-normal distribution at most sites. The model is only able to reproduce this distribution function at non-coastal low altitude stations. The AOD derived from the model results is 20–70% lower than the values observed within Aeronet. This is mainly attributed to the missing aerosol mass in the model. The day-to-day variability of the AOD and the log-normal distribution functions are quite well reproduced by the model. The seasonality on the other hand is underestimated by the model results because better agreement is achieved in winter. Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., and Quante, M.: Introducing a partitioning mechanism for PAHs into the Community Multiscale Air Quality modelling system and its application to simulating the transport of benzo(a)pyrene over Europe, J. Appl. Meteorol., 46, 11, 1718–1730, 2007. Behnert, I., Matthias, V., and Doerffer, R.: Aerosol climatology from ground-based measurements for the southern North Sea, Atmos. Res., 84, 201–220, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.05.006, 2007. Binkowski, F. and Roselle, S.: Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component. 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4183, doi:10.1029/2001JD001409, 2003. Byun, D. and Ching, J.: Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System, EPA/600/R-99/030, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC, 1999. Byun, D. and Schere, K.: Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 59, 51–77, 2006. Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system, Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, 2001. Colle, B., Olson, J., and Tongue, J.: Multiseason Verification of the MM5, Part II: Evaluation of High-Resolution Precipitation Forecasts over the Northeastern United States, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 18, 458–480, 2003. Denier van der Gon, H., van het Bolscher, M., Visschedijk, A., and Zandveld, P.: Study of the effectiveness of UNECE Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol and cost of possible additional measures, Phase I: Estimation of emission reduction resulting from the implementation of the POP Protocol, TNO report B& O-A R 2005/194, TNO, Laan van Westenenk 501, P.O. Box 342, 7300 AH Appeldoorn, The Netherlands, 2005. Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J. J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J. E., Putaud, J., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G. R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321–4344, 2006. EC: Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, Official Journal of the European Union, EC, 26.01.2005, 2005. Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., O'Neill, N. T., Slutsker, I., and Kinne, S.: Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban and desert dust aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31 333–31 350, 1999. Friedrich, R. and Reis, S.: Emissions of air pollutants, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2004. Gery, M. W., Whitten, G. Z., Killus, J. P., and Dodge, M. C.: A photochemical kinetics mechanism for urban and regional scale computer modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12 925–12 956, 1989. Gilliam, R., Hogrefe, C., and Rao, S. T.: New methods for evaluating meteorological models used in air quality applications, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5073–5086, 2006. Granier, C., Guenther, A., Lamarque, J. F., Mieville, A., Müller, J. F., Olivier, J., Orlando, J., Peters, J., Petron, G., Tyndall, G., and Wallens, S.: POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors, http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/projet/ACCENT/POET.php, 2005. Grell, G., Dudhia, J., and Stauffer, D. R.: A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR Technical Note 398, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1995. Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Rem. Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, 1998. Holben, B. N., Tanré, D., Smirnov, A., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Abuhassan, N., Newcomb, W., Schafer, J., Chatenet, B., Lavenue, F., Kaufman, Y. J., Van de Castle, J., Setzer, A., Markham, B., Clark, D., Frouin, R., Halthore, R., Karnieli, A., O'Neill, N. T., Pietras, C., Pinker, R. T., Voss, K., and Zibordi, G.: An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol Optical Depth from AERONET, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12 067–12 097, 2001. Hong, S. Y. and Pan, H. L.: Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2322, 1996. Horowitz, L. W., Walters, S., Mauzerall, D. L., Emmons, L. K., Rasch, P. J., Granier, C., Tie, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Schultz, M. G., Tyndall, G. S., Orlando, J. J., and Brasseur, G. P.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2, J. Geophys Res, 108, 4784, doi:10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003. Houyoux, M. R. and Vukovich, J. M.: Updates to the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emission (SMOKE) Modeling System and Integration With Models-3, in: The Emission Inventory: Regional Strategies for the Future, 1999. Jakobs, H. J., Feldmann, H., Hass, H., and Memmesheimer, M.: The use of nested models for air pollution studies: an application of the EURAD model to a SANA episode, J. Appl. Met., 34, 1301–1319, 1995. Kahnert, M. and Tarrason, L.: Transboundary particulate matter in Europe, Status report 4/2003, Joint CCC and MSC-W and CIAM Report 2003, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway, 2004. Kain, J. and Fritsch, J. M.: Convective parameterisation for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritsch scheme, in: The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models, 24, Amer. Met. Soc., p. 165, 1993. Kain, J. S.: The Kain-Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 170–181, 2004. Kinne, S., Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Schulz, M., Timmreck, C., Ghan, S., Easter, R., Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Takemura, T., Tegen, I., Koch, D., Herzog, M., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Holben, B., Eck, T., Smirnov, A., Dubovik, O., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Torres, O., Mishchenko, M., Geogdzhayev, I., Chu, D., and Kaufman, Y.: Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite data, and AERONET ground data, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4634, doi:10.1029/2001JD001253, 2003. Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.: Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States, J. Geophy. Res., 99, 1347–1370, 1994. Matthias, V. and Bösenberg, J.: Aerosol climatology for the planetary boundary layer derived from regular lidar measurements, Atmos. Res., 63, 221–245, 2002. Matthias, V., Balis, D., Bösenberg, J., Eixmann, R., Iarlori, M., Komguem, L., Mattis, I., Papayannis, A., Pappalardo, G., Perrone, M. R., and Wang, X.: The Vertical Aerosol Distribution over Europe: Statistical Analysis of Raman Lidar Data from 10 EARLINET Stations, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D24), D18021, doi:10.1029/2004JD004638, 2004. Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., and Quante, M.: Adapting CMAQ to investigate air pollution in North Sea coastal regions, Environmental Modelling and Software, 23, 356–368, doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.04.010, 2008. Neusüß, C., Weise, D., Birmili, W., Wex, H., Wiedensohler, A., and Covert, D. S.: Size-segregated chemical, gravimetric and number distribution-derived mass closure of the aerosol in Sagres, Portugal during ACE-2, Tellus, 52B, 169–184, 2000. Niemeier, U., Granier, C., Kornblueh, L., Walters, S., and Brasseur, G. P.: TGlobal impact of road traffic on atmospheric chemical composition and on ozone climate forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 111(D09), D09301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006407, 2006. O'Neill, N. T., Ignatov, A., Holben, B. N., and Eck, T. F.: The lognormal distribution as a reference for reporting aerosol optical depth statistics; Empirical tests using multi-year, multi-site AERONET sunphotometer data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 20, 3333–3336, 2000. Otte, T. L.: Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System, chap, Developing meteorological fields, EPA/600/R-99/030, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC, 1999. Penner, J. E., Andreae, M., Annegarn, H., Barrie, L., Feichter, J., Hegg, D., Jayaraman, A., Leaitch, R., Murphy, D., Nganga, J., and Pitari, G.: Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), edited by: Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., v. d. Linden, P. J., and Xiaosu, D., chap. 5, 289–348, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. Putaud, J.-P., Van Dingenen, R., Mangoni, M., Virkkula, A., Raes, F., Maring, H., Prospero, J. M., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Hillamo, R., and Mäkelä, T.: Chemical mass closure and assessment of the origin of the submicron aerosol in the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere at Tenerife during ACE-2, Tellus, 52B, 147–168, 2000. Putaud, J.-P., Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Bruggemann, E., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Huglin, C., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Müller, K., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., ten Brink, H., Torseth, K., and Wiedensohler, A.: European aerosol phenomenology 2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2579–2595, 2004. Ramaswamy, V., Boucher, O., Haigh, J., Hauglustaine, D., Haywood, J., Myhre, G., Nakajima, T., Shi, G. Y., and Solomon, S.: Radiative forcing of climate change, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), edited by: Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., v. d. Linden, P. J., and Xiaosu, D., chap. 6, 349–416, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. Reisner, J., Rasmussen, R. J., and Bruintjes, R. T.: Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 124B, 1071–1107, 1998. Schell, B., Ackermann, I. J., Hass, H., Binkowski, F. S., and Ebel, A.: Modelling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive air quality model system, J. Geophys. Res., 2106, 28 275–28 293, 2001. Sokhi, R. S., José, R. S., Kitwiroon, N., Fragkou, E., Pérez, J. L., and Middleton, D. R.: Prediction of ozone levels in London using the MM5-CMAQ modelling system, Environmental Modelling and Software, 21, 566–576, 2006. Stockwell, W. R., Middleton, P., and Chang, J. S.: The second generation regional acid deposition model chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16 343–16 367, 1990. Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, H., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I., Iversen, T., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkevag, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tien, X.: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777–1813, 2006. Troen, I. and Mahrt, L.: A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer: Sensitivity to surface evaporation, Bound. Lay Met., 37, 129, 1986. Twomey, S. A.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149–1152, 1977. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emission from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, 2006. Vestreng, V. and Klein, H.: Emission data reported to UNECE/EMEP: Quality Assurance and Trend Analysis and Presentation of WebDab, EMEP/MSC-W Note 1/2002, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2002.