Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net
1680-7367
1680-7375
8
4
2008
10.5194/acpd-8-12769-2008
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/12769/2008/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/12769/2008/acpd-8-12769-2008.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/12769/2008/acpd-8-12769-2008.pdf
12769
12822
2008-07-07
Monthly-averaged anthropogenic aerosol direct radiative forcing over the Mediterranean from AERONET derived aerosol properties
A. Bergamo
antonella.bergamo@le.infn.it
A. M. Tafuro
S. Kinne
F. De Tomasi
M. R. Perrone
CNISM, Physics Department, University of Salento, Italy
Max Planck Institute für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
The all-sky direct radiative effect by anthropogenic aerosol (DREa) is
calculated in the solar (0.3–4 μm) and infrared (4–200 μm) spectral
ranges for six Mediterranean sites. The sites are differently affected by
pollution and together reflect typical aerosol impacts that are expected
over land sites of the central Mediterranean basin. Central to the
simulations are aerosol optical properties from AERONET sun-/sky-photometer
statistics for the year 2003. A discussion on the variability of the overall
(natural+anthropogenic) aerosol properties with site location is provided.
Supplementary data include MODIS satellite sensor based solar surface
albedos, ISCCP products for high- mid- and low cloud cover and estimates for
the anthropogenic aerosol fraction from global modelling. Since
anthropogenic aerosol particles are considered to be smaller than 1 μm
in size, mainly the solar radiation transfer is affected with impacts only
during sun-light hours. At all sites the (daily average) solar DRE<sub>a</sub> is
negative all year round at the top of the atmosphere (ToA). Hence,
anthropogenic particles produce over land sites of the central Mediterranean
a significant cooling effect. Monthly DRE<sub>a</sub> values vary from site to
site and are seasonal dependent as a consequence of the seasonal dependence
of available sun-light and microphysical aerosol properties. At the ToA the
monthly average DRE<sub>a</sub> is −(4±1) W m<sup>−2</sup> during spring-summer
(SS, April–September) and −(2±1) W m<sup>−2</sup> during autumn-winter (AW,
October–March) at the polluted sites. In contrast, it varies between −(3±1) W m<sup>−2</sup>
and −(1±1) W m<sup>−2</sup> on SS and AW, respectively at the
less polluted site. Due to atmospheric absorption the DRE<sub>a</sub> at the
surface is larger than at the ToA. At the surface the monthly average
DRE<sub>a</sub> varies between the most and the least polluted site between
−(7±1) W m<sup>−2</sup> and −(4±1) W m<sup>−2</sup> during SS, and between
−(4±3) W m<sup>−2</sup> and −(1±1) W m<sup>−2</sup> during AW. The DRE<sub>a</sub>
at infrared wavelengths is positive but negligible, especially at the ToA
(<0.3 W m<sup>−2</sup>.
DRE<sub>a</sub> monthly-means referring to all sites have been averaged to
evaluate the yearly-mean value of the DRE<sub>a</sub>. The ToA- and sfc-DRE<sub>a</sub>
yearly-mean value is −(3±2) and −(5±3) W m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively at
solar wavelengths. Last data further more reveal that the radiative
energy-balance of the Central Mediterranean land sites is quite affected by
anthropogenic particles.
Andreae, T. W., Andreae, M. O., Ichoku, C., Maenhaut, W., Cafmeyer, J., Karnieli, A., and Orlovsky, L.: Light scattering by dust and anthropogenic aerosol at a remote site in the Negev desert, Israel, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D2), 4008, doi:10.1029/2001JD900252, 2002.
Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Haywood, J., and Reddy, M. S.: Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements, Nature, 438, 1138–1141, 2005.
Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., Torres, O., Holben, B. N., Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A., Higurashi, A., and Nakajima, T.: Troposheric aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparison with satellite and sun photometer measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 461–483, 2002.
Chung, C. E., Ramanathan, V., Kim, D., and Podgorny, I. A.: Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and groundbased observations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24207, doi:10.1029/2005JD006356, 2005.
Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Johnson, C. E., and Stevenson, D. S.: The oxidation of organic compounds in the troposphere and their global warming potentials, Clim. Change, 52, 453–479, 2002.
Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J. J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J. E., Putaud, J.-E., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G. R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for Aerocom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321–4344, 2006.
Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20 673–20 696, 2000.
Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Eck, T. F, and Slutsker, I.: Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res, 105(D8), 9791–9806, 2000.
Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., Lapyonok, T., Sinyuk, A., Mishchenko, M. I., Yang, P., and Slutsker, I.: Non-spherical aerosol retrieval method employing light scattering by spheroids, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 54(1)–54(4), 2002.
Dubovik, O., Sinyuk, A., Lapyonok, T., Holben, B. N., Mishchenko, M., Yang, P., Eck, T. F., Volten, H., Muñoz, O., Veihelmann, B., Van Der Zande, W. J., Leon, J. F., Sorokin, M., and Slutsker, I.: Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11208, doi:10.1029/2005JD006619, 2006.
Fotiadi, A., Hatzianzstassiou, N., Drakakis, E., Matsoukas, C., Pavlakis, K. G., Hatzidimitriou, D., Gerasopoulos, E., Mihalopoulos, N., and Vardavas, I.: Aerosol physical and optical properties in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, Crete, from Aerosol Robotic Network data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5399–5413, 2006.
Giorgi, F., Bi, X. Q., and Qian, Y.: Direct radiative forcing and regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over East Asia: A regional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4439, doi:10.1029/2001JD001066, 2002.
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, J. Geophys. Res., 33, L08707, doi:10.1029/2006GL025734, 2006.
Guibert, S., Matthias, V., Schulz, M., Bösenberg, J., Eixmann, R., Mattis, I., Pappalardo, G., Perrone, M. R., Spinelli, N., and Vaughan, G.: The vertical distribution of aerosol over Europe – synthesis of one year of EARLINET aerosol lidar measurements and aerosol transport modeling with LMDzT–INCA, Atmos. Environ., 39, 2933–2943, 2005.
Haywood, J. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: a review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 4, 513–543, 2000.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 6, 1–16, 1998.
Holben, B. N., Tanré, D., Smirnov, A., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Abuhassan, N., Newcomb, W. W., Shafer, J., Chatenet, B., Lavenue, F., Kaufman, Y. J., Vande Castel, J., Setzer, A., Markham, B., Clark, D., Frouin, R., Halthore, R., Karnieli, A., O'Neill, N. T., Pietras, C., Pinker, R. T., Voss, K., and Zibordi, G.: An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol optical depth from AERONET, J. Geophys. Res, 106, 12 067–12 097, 2001.
Kaufman, Y. J., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., and Dubovik, O.: Baseline maritime aerosol: methodology to derive the optical thickness and scattering properties, J. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 17, 3251–3254, 2001.
Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., and Boucher, O.: A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, 419, 215–223, 2002.
Kaufman, Y. J., Boucher, O., Tanré, D., Chin, M., Remer, L. A., and Takemura, T.: Aerosol anthropogenic component estimated from satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17804, doi:10.1029/2005GL023125, 2005.
King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Menzel, W. P., and Tanré, D.: Remote Sensing of Cloud, Aerosol, and Water Vapor Properties from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), IEEE Transactions On Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30, 1–27, 1992.
Kirkevåg, A. and Iversen, T.: Global direct radiative forcing by process-parameterized aerosol optical properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D20), 4433, doi:10.1029/2001JD000886, 2002.
Lelieveld, J., Berresheim, H., Borrman, S., Crutzen, P. J., Dentener, F. J., Fischer, H., Feichter, J., Flatau, P. J., Heland, J., Holzinger, R., Korrmann, R., Lawrence, M. G., Levin, Z., Markowicz, K. M., Mihalopoulos, N., Minikin, A., Ramanathan, V., De Reus, M., Roelofs, G. J., Scheeren, H. A, Sciare, J., Schultz, M., Siegmund, P., Steil, B., Stephanou, E. G., Stier, P., Traub, M., Warneke, C., Williams, J., and Ziereis, H.: Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean, Science, 298, 794–799, 2002.
Le Truet, H., Forchon, M., Boucher, O., and Li, X.-Z.: Sulfate aerosol indirect effect and CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse forcing: equilibrium response of the LMD GCM and associated cloud feedbacks, J. Climate, 11, 1673-1684, 1998.
Meador, W. E and Weaver, W. R.: Two-stream approximation to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres: a unified description of existing methods and new improvement, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 630–643, 1980.
Meloni, D., di Sarra, A., Di Iorio, T., and Fiocco, G: Influence of the vertical profile of Saharan dust on the visible direct radiative forcing, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 93, 347–413, 2005.
Pace, G., di Sarra, A., Meloni, D., Piacentino, S., and Chamard, P.: Aerosol optical properties at Lampedusa (central Mediterranean) 1. Influence of transport and identification of different aerosol types, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 697–713, 2006.
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Climate change 2007, The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf, 2007.
Ramanathan V., Crutzen, P. J., Lelieveld, J., Mitra, A. P., Althausen, D., Anderson, J., Andreae, M. O., Cantrell, W., Cass, G. R., Chung, C. E., Clarke, A. D., Coakley, J. A., Collins, W. D., Conant, W. C., Dulac, F., Heintzenberg, J., Heymsfield, A. J., Holben, B., Howell, S., Hudson, J., Jayaraman, A., Kiehl, J. T., Krishnamurti, T. N., Lubin, D., McFarquhar, G., Novakov, T., Ogren, J. A., Podgorny, I. A., Prather, K., Priestley, K., Prospero, J. M., Quinn, P. K., Rajeev, K., Rasch, P., Rupert, S., Sadourny, R., Satheesh, S. K., Shaw, G. E., Sheridan, P., and Valero, F. P. J.: Indian Ocean Experiment: an integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28 371–28 398, 2001.
Reddy, M. S., Boucher, O., Balanski, Y., and Schulz, M.: Aerosol optical depths and direct radiative perturbations by species and source type. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12803, doi:10.1029/2004GL021743, 2005.
Rossow, W. B. and Schiffer, R. A.: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2261–2287, 1999.
Russell, P. B., Livingston, J. M., Hignett, P., Kinne, S., Wong, J., Chien, A., Bergstrom, R., Durkee, P., and Hobbs P. V.: Aerosol-induced radiative flux changes off the United States mid-Atlantic coast: Comparison of values calculated from Sun photometer and in situ data with those measured by airborne pyranometer, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2289–2307, 1999.
Santese, M., De Tomasi, F., and Perrone, M. R.: Advection patterns and aerosol optical and microphysical properties by AERONET over south-east Italy in the central Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1881–1896, 2008.
Schaaf, C. B., Gao, F., Strahler, A. H., Lucht, W., Li, X., Tsang, T., Strugnell, N. C., Zhang, X., Jin, Y., Muller, J.-P., Lewis, P., Barnsley, M., Hobson, P., Disney, M., Roberts, G., Dunderdale, M., Doll, C., d'Entremont, R. P., Hu, B., Liang, S., Privette, J., L., and, Roy, D.: First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 135–148, 2002.
Schulz M., Textor, C., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Dentener, F., Guibert, S., Isaksen, I. S. A., Iversen, T., Koch, D., Kirkevag, A., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., and Takemura, T.: Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5225–5246, 2006.
Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosolclimate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125–1156, 2005.
Steir, P., Seinfeld, J. H., Kinne, S., and Boucher, O.: Aerosol absorption and radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5237–5261, 2007.
Tafuro, A. M., Barnaba, F., De Tomasi, F., Perrone, M. R., Gobbi, G. P.: Saharan dust particle properties over the Central Mediterranean, Atmos. Res., 81, 67–93, 2006.
Tafuro, A. M., Kinne, S., De Tomasi, F., and Perrone, M. R.: Annual cycle of aerosol direct radiative effect over southeast Italy and sensitivity studies, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008265, 2007.
Takemura, T., Nozawa, T., Emori, S., Nakajima, T. Y., and Nakajima, T.: Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Atmos. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202, doi:10.1029/2004JD005029, 2005.
Yu, H., Kaufman, Y. J., Chin, M., Feingold, G., Remer, L. A., Anderson, T. L., Balkanski, Y., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Christopher, S., De Cola, P., Kahn, R., Koch, D., Loeb, N., Reddy, M. S., Schulz, M., Takemura, T., and Zhou, M.: A review of measurement-based assessments of the aerosol direct radiative effect and forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 613–666, 2006.
Zhou, Mi, Yu, H., Dickinson, R. E., Dubovik, O., and Holben, B. N.: A normalized description of the direct effect of key aerosol types on solar radiation as estimated from Aerosol Robotic Network aerosols and Moderate Resolution Imagining Spectroradiometer albedos, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19202, doi:10.1029/2005JD005909, 2005.