<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>8</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-8-12625-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/12625/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/12625/2008/acpd-8-12625-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/8/12625/2008/acpd-8-12625-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>12625</start_page>
	<end_page>12663</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-07-03</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Measurements of aerosol absorption and scattering in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the MILAGRO field campaign: a comparison of results from the T0 and T1 sites</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>N. A. Marley</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2">
			<name>J. S. Gaffney</name>
			<email>jsgaffney@ualr.edu</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="3">
			<name>T. Castro</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="4">
			<name>A. Salcido</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="5">
			<name>J. Frederick</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Graduate Institute of Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Gerencia de Sistemas de Calidad Ambiente y Seguridad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="5" content_type="html">Department of Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Measurements of aerosol absorption and scattering were obtained in Mexico
City during the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research
Observations) field campaign in March 2006. A comparison of aerosol
absorption and scattering was obtained in Mexico City at site T0 located in
the northern part of Mexico City at the Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo
Laboratories and at site T1 located at the Universidad Tecnológica de
Tecamac, 18 miles northwest of T0. Hourly averages of aerosol absorption
were similar at both sites, ranging from 6–93 Mm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; with an average
of 31 Mm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; at T0; and from 2–104 Mm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; with an average of 19
Mm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; at T1. Aerosol scattering at T0 ranged from 16–344 Mm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; with
an average of 105 Mm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;; while the scattering values at T1 were lower
than T0 ranging from 2–136 with an average of 53 Mm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Aerosol single
scattering albedos (SSAs) were determined at both sites using these data.
SSAs at T1 ranged from 0.44–0.90 with an average 0.75 as compared to hose at
T0, range 0.51–0.93 with an average of 0.77.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
Broadband UV-B intensity was found to be higher at site T0, with an average
of 64 &lt;i&gt;μ&lt;/i&gt;W/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; at solar noon, than at site T1, which had an average
of 54 &lt;i&gt;μ&lt;/i&gt;W/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; at solar noon. Comparisons of clear-sky modeled UV-B
intensities with the simultaneous UV-B measurements obtained at site T0 and
at site T1 for cloudless days indicate a larger diffuse radiation field at
site T0 than at site T1. The determination of aerosol scattering
Ångstrom coefficient at T0 suggests the larger diffuse radiation is due
to the predominance of submicron aerosols at T0 with aerosol scattering of
UV-B radiation peaked in the forward direction, leading to the enhancement
observed at ground level.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Barth, M. C. and Church, A. T.: Regional and global distributions and lifetimes of sulfate aerosols from Mexico City and southeast China, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30 231–30 239, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Bergstrom, R. W.: Extinction and absorption coefficients of the atmospheric aerosol as a function of particle size, Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere, 46, 223–234, 1973. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Bergstrom, R. W., Russell, P. B., and Hignett, P.: Wavelength dependence of the absorption of black carbon particles: Predictions and results from the TARFOX experiment and implications for the aerosol single scattering albedo, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 567–577, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Bond, T. C., Anderson, T. L., and Campbell, D.: Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 30, 582–600, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Bond, T. C. and Bergstrom, R. W.: Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 27–67, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Bond, T. C., Habib, G., and Bergstrom, R. W.: Limitations in the enhancement of visible light absorption due to mixing state, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20211, doi:10.1029/2006JD007315, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> CAM: Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico 2002–2010, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Carabalí, G.: Caracterización morfológica, óptica y química de partículas muestreadas en el sitio T1 de la campaña MILAGRO. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Hales, J. M, Cess, R. D., Coakley, Jr., J. A., Hansen, J. E., and Hoffman, D. J.: Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 255, 423–430, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Edgerton, S. A., and Vega, E.: Chemical composition of PM$_2.5$ and PM$_10$ in Mexico City during winter 1997, Sci. Total Environ., 287, 177–201, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Climate response of direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic black carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005441, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Clark, A. D.: Aerosol light absorption by soot in remote environments, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 161–171, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Doran, J. C., Abbott, S., Archuleta, J., Bian, X., Chow, J., Coulter, R. L., de Wekker, S. F. J., Edgerton, S., Elliott, S., Fernandez, A., Fast, J. D., Hubbe, J. M., King, C., Langley, D., Leach, J., Lee, J. T., Martin, T. J., Martinez, D., Martinez, J. L., Mercado, G., Mora, V., Mulhearn, M., Pena, J. L., Petty, R., Porch, W., Russell, C., Salas, R., Shannon, J. D., Shaw, W. J., Sosa, G., Tellier, L., Templeman, B., Watson, J. G., White, R., Whiteman, C. D., and Wolfe, D.: The IMADA-AVER boundary layer experiment in the Mexico City area, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2497–2508, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Doran, J. C., Barnard, J C., Arnott, W P, Cary, R., Coulter, R., Fast, J.D.,~Kassianov, E I, ~Kleinman, L., Laulainen, N S,~ Martin, T,~ Paredes-Miranda, G , Pekour, M S.,~ Shaw, W J.,~ Smith, D F,~ Springston, S R.,~and Yu, X.-Y.: The T1-T2 study: evolution of aerosol properties downwind of Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1585–1598, 2007a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Doran, J. C.: Corrigendum to: The T1–T2 study: evolution of aerosol properties downwind of Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2197–2198, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Doran, J. C., Fast, J. D., Barnard, J. C., Laskin, A., Desyaterik, Y., Gilles, M.K., and Hopkins, R. J.: Applications of Lagrangian dispersion modeling to the analysis of changes in the specific absorption of elemental carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1377–1389, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Dua, S. K., Hopke, P. K., and Raunemaa, T. Hygroscopicity of Diesel Aerosols, Water Air Soil Poll., 112, 247–257, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., Kaufman, Y. J., Yamasoe, M., Smirnov, A., Tanre, D., and Slutsker, I.: Single scattering albedo of smoke retrieved from the sky radiance and solar transmittance measured from ground, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 903–31 923, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Eidels-Dubovoi, S.: Aerosol impacts on visible light extinction in the atmosphere of Mexico City, Science and the Total Environment, 287, 213–220, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Fast, J. D. and Zhong, S.: Meteorological factors associated with inhomogeneous ozone concentrations within the Mexico City basin, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18 927–18 946, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233–2257, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Frederick, J. E. and Lubin, D.: The budget of biologically active radiation in the earth-atmosphere system, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3825–3832, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Gaffney, J. S., Tanner, R. L., and Phillips, M.: Separating carbonaceous aerosol source terms using thermal evolution, carbon isotopic measurements, and C/N/S determinations, The Science and the Total Environment, 36, 53–60, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Gaffney, J. S. and Marley, N. A.: Uncertainties in climate change predictions: Aerosol effects, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2873–2874, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Cunningham, M. M., and Doskey, P. V.: Measurements of Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs) in Mexico City: Implications for Megacity Air Quality Impacts on Regional Scales, Atmos. Environ., 33, 5003–5012, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Drayton, P. J., Doskey, P. V., Kotamarthi, V. R., Cunningham, M. M., Baird, J. C., Dintaman, J., and Hart, H. L.: Field Observations of Regional and Urban Impacts on NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Ozone, UV-B, and Nitrate Radical Production Rates: Nocturnal Urban Plumes and Regional Smoke Effects, Atmos. Environ., 36, 825–833, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Gaffney, J. S. and Marley, N. A.: The Importance of the Chemical and Physical Properties of Aerosols in Determining Their Transport and Residence Times in the Troposphere, Chapter 14, in: Urban Aerosols and Their Impacts: Lessons Learned from the World Trade Center Tragedy, edited by: Gaffney, J. S. and Marley, N. A., ACS Symposium Book 919, Oxford University Press, 286–300, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Tackett, M., Sturchio, N., Heraty, L., Martinez, N. Hardy, K., and Guilderson, T.: Biogenic Carbon Dominance Based on $^13$C/$^12$C and $^14$C Measurements of Total Carbon at T-0 and T-1 Sites during MILAGRO. 88th National Meeting of the American Meteorological Society. Tenth Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry, Conference Proceedings Volume, Paper J1.1, 5 pp. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/131852.pdf, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Granger, R. G., Basher, R. E., and McKenzie, R. L.: UV-B Robertson-Berger meter characterization and field calibration, Appl. Optics, 32, 343–349, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Hand, J. L., Kreidenweis, S. M., Slusser, J., and Scott, G.: Comparison of aerosol optical properties derived from Sun photometry to estimates inferred from surface measurements in Big Bend National Park, Texas, Atmos. Environ. 38, 6813–6821, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Hitzenberger, R. and Puxbaum, H.: Comparisons of the measured and calculated specific absorption coefficients for urban aerosol samples in Vienna, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 18, 323–345, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Hoffer, A., Gelencer, A., Guyon, P., Kiss, G., Schmid, O., Frank, G. P., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Optical properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) in biomass-burning aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3563–3570, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Horvath, H., Catalan, L., and Trier, A.: A study of the aerosol of Santiago De Chile III: Light absorbing measurements, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3737–3744, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Jacobson, M. Z.: Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1551–1568, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Jacobson, M. Z.: Control of fossil fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD001376., 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Jacobson, M. Z.: Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot&apos;s feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21201, doi:10.1029/2004JD004945, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., and Hobbs, P. V.: Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21208, doi:10.1029/2004JD004999, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Lenoble, J. and Brogniez, C.: Information on stratospheric aerosol characteristics contained in the SAGE satellite multiwavelength extinction measurements, Appl. Optics, 24, 1054–1063, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Marley, N. A., Gaffney, J. S., Drayton, P. J., Cunningham, M. M., Orlandini, K. A., and Paode, R.: Measurement of 210Pb, 210Po, and 210Bi in size-fractionated atmospheric aerosols: An estimate of fine-aerosol residence times, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 32, 569–583, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Marley, N. A. and Gaffney, J. S.: The Impact of Rain Events on Aerosol Optical Properties: Mexico City 2003 and 2006, EOS Transactions AGU, 88, (23), Joint Assembly Supplement, Abstract A41E-03, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> McKinlay, A. and Diffy, B. L.: A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, in: Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation: Risks and Regulations, edited by: Passchler, W. R. and Bosnajokovic, B. F. M., Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 83–87, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Molina, L. T. and Molina, M. J.: Air quality impacts: Local and global concern. Chapter 1, in: Air quality in the Mexico Megacity, An integrated assessment, edited by: Molina, L. T. and Molina, M. J., Kluwer Academic, Netherlands, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> O&apos;Niell, N. and Royer, A.: Extraction of bimodal aerosol-size distribution radii from spectral and angular slope (Angstrom) coefficients, Appl. Optics, 32, 1642–1645, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Patterson, E. M. and McMahon, C. K.: Absorption characteristics of forest fire particulate matter, Atmos. Environ., 18, 2541–2551, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Petzold, A., Schloesser, H., Sheridan, P. J., Arnott, W. P., Ogren, J. A., and Virkkula, A.: Evaluation of Multiangle Absorption Photometry for measuring aerosol light absorption, Aerosol Sci. Technol, 39, 40–51, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Pósfai, M., Anderson, J. R., Buseck, P. R., and Sievering, H.: Soot and sulfate aerosol particles in the remote marine troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21 685–21 683, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Raga, G. B., Castro, T., and Baumgardner, D.: The impact of megacity pollution on local climate and implications for the regional environment: Mexico City, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1805–1811, 2001a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Raga, G. B., Baumgardner, D., Castro, T., Mart\`&amp;#x0131;nez-Arroyo, A., and Navarro-González, R.: Mexico City air quality: a qualitative review of gas and aerosol measurements (1960–2000), Atmos. Environ., 35, 4041–4058, 2001b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science 7, 2119–2124, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiel, J. T., Washington, W. M., Fu, Q., Sikka, D. R., and Wild, M.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 102, 5326–5333, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Dzepina, K., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, J. Q., Huffman, A., DeCarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Mortimer, P., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Marr, L. C., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Cardenas, B., Bernabé R. M., Márquez, C., Gaffney, J S., Marley, N A., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Brune, W., Lesher, R., Shirley, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 925–946, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Schwartz, S. E. and Buseck, P. R.: Absorbing phenomena, Science, 288, 989–990, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Schmid, O., Artaxo, P., Arnott, W. P., Chand, D., Gatti, L. V., Frank, G. P., Hoffer, A., Schnaiter, M., and Andrae, M. O.: Spectral light absorption by ambient aerosols influenced by biomass burning in the Amazon Basin. I: Comparison and field calibration of absorption measurement techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3443–3462, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Schnaiter, M., Linke, C., Möhler, O., Naumann, K.-H., Saathoff, H., Wagner, R., Schurath, U., and Wehner, B.: Absorption amplification of black carbon internally mixed with secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2005JD006046, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Swap, R. J., Annegarn, H. J., Suttes, J. T., King, M. D., Platnick, S., Privette, J. L., and Scholes, R. J.: Africa burning: A thematic analysis of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000), J. Geophys. Res., 108, D13, 8465, doi:10.1029/2003JD003747, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Tanner, R. L., Gaffney, J. S., and Phillips, M. F.: Determination of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosol Samples by Thermal Evolution, Anal. Chem., 54, 1627–1630, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> UNEP/WHO (United Nations Environmental Program/World Health Organization): Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the World, Blackwell Publisher, Oxford, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Whiteman, C. D., Zhong, S., Bian, X., Fast, J. D., and Doran, J. C.: Boundary layer evolution and regional scale diurnal circulations over the Mexican plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10 081–10 102, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Williams, J., de Reus, M., Krejci, R., Fischer, H., and Ström, J.: Application of the variability-size relationship to atmospheric aerosol studies: estimating aerosol lifetimes and ages, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 133–145, 2002. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

