ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-7-3763-2007 Distribution of lead in single atmospheric particles Murphy D. M. 1 Hudson P. K. 1 2 6 Cziczo D. J. 3 Gallavardin S. 2 Froyd K. D. 1 2 Johnston M. V. 4 Middlebrook A. M. 1 Reinard M. S. 4 Thomson D. S. 1 2 Thornberry T. 1 2 Wexler A. S. 5 Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA Institute for Atmosphere and Climate Science, ETH, Zurich 8092, Switzerland Department of Chemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA Departments of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA now at: Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA 13 03 2007 7 2 3763 3804 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/3763/2007/acpd-7-3763-2007.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/3763/2007/acpd-7-3763-2007.pdf

Three independent single particle mass spectrometers measured Pb in individual aerosol particles. These data provide unprecedented sensitivity and statistical significance for the measurement of Pb in single particles. This paper explores the reasons for the frequency of Pb in fine particles now that most gasoline is unleaded. Trace amounts of Pb were found in 5 to 25% of 250 to 3000 nm diameter particles sampled by both aircraft and surface instruments in the eastern and western United States. Over 5% of particles at a mountain site in Switzerland contained Pb. Particles smaller than 100 nm with high Pb content were also observed by an instrument that was only operated in urban areas. Lead was found on all types of particles, including Pb present on biomass burning particles from remote fires. Less common particles with high Pb contents contributed a majority of the total amount of Pb. Single particles with high Pb content often also contained alkali metals, Zn, Cu, Sn, As, and Sb. The association of Pb with Zn and other metals is also found in IMPROVE network filter data from surface sites. Sources of airborne Pb in the United States are reviewed for consistency with these data. The frequent appearance of trace Pb is consistent with widespread emissions of fine Pb particles from combustion sources followed by coagulation with larger particles during long-range transport. Industrial sources that directly emit Pb-rich particles also contribute to the observations. Clean regions of the western United States show some transport of Pb from Asia but most Pb over the United States comes from North American sources. Resuspension of Pb from soil contaminated by the years of leaded gasoline was not directly apparent.

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