References

ACPD

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions

ACPD

1680-7375

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acpd-7-3719-2007

Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM

Lohmann

¹ Stier

² Hoose

¹ Ferrachat

¹ Roeckner

³ Zhang

⁴

Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, Canada

12 03 2007

7 2 3719 3761

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The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme from ECHAM4 has been coupled to the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5-HAM. ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass and number concentrations and the aerosol mixing state. This results in a much better agreement with observed vertical profiles of the black carbon and aerosol mass mixing ratios than with the previous version ECHAM4, where only the different aerosol mass mixing ratios were predicted. Also, the simulated liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as a function of temperature in stratiform mixed-phase clouds between 0 and –35°C agree much better with aircraft observations in the ECHAM5 simulations. ECHAM5 performs better because more realistic aerosol concentrations are available for cloud droplet nucleation and because the Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized as being more efficient. <br><br> The total anthropogenic aerosol effect includes the direct, semi-direct and indirect effects and is defined as the difference in the top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation between present-day and pre-industrial times. It amounts to –1.8 W m<sup>−2</sup> in ECHAM5, when a relative humidity dependent cloud cover scheme and present-day aerosol emissions representative for the year 2000 are used. It is larger when either a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different aerosol emission inventory are employed.

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