Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
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10.5194/acpd-7-3269-2007
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/3269/2007/
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http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/3269/2007/acpd-7-3269-2007.pdf
3269
3300
2007-03-01
Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics
P. Ricaud
philippe.ricaud@aero.obs-mip.fr
B. Barret
J.-L. Attié
E. Le Flochmoën
E. Motte
H. Teyssèdre
V.-H. Peuch
N. Livesey
A. Lambert
J.-P. Pommereau
Laboratoire d'Aérologie, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
Centre National de Recherche Météorologique, Météo-France, Toulouse, France
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
CNRS, Service d'Aéronomie, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
The mechanism of troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics was
investigated from space-borne observations of the horizontal distributions
of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and carbon monoxide (CO) at
17 km in March-April-May by the ODIN/Sub-Millimeter Radiometer (SMR), the
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)/Halogen Occultation Experiment
(HALOE) and the TERRA/Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT)
instruments in 2002–2004, completed by recent observations of the
AURA/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument during the same season in 2005.
At the top of the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL), all gases show
significant longitudinal gradients with maximum amounts primarily over
Africa and, depending on the species, secondary more or less pronounced
maxima above northern South America and South-East Asia. The Maritime
continent in the Western Pacific never appears as a source region for the
stratosphere. The large longitudinal gradient at latitudes where the
circulation is essentially zonal, and the co-location of the maximum
tropospheric trace gases concentrations with the overshooting features
reported by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite
precipitation radar, strongly supports that rapid uplift over land
convective regions is the dominating process of troposphere-stratosphere
exchange. Calculations carried out with the MOCAGE-Climat chemical transport
model well capture the location of the maximum gas concentration in the TTL
but of lesser amplitude. Although there are obvious misrepresentations of
some of the sources in the model, i.e. CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by evergreen
forests, the main reason for discrepancy appears to be the underestimation
of the maximum altitude reached by land convective transport in MOCAGE.
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