<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-7-17927-2007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Particle mass yield in secondary organic aerosol formed by the dark ozonolysis of &amp;alpha;-pinene</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shilling</surname>
<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>King</surname>
<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rosenoern</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kroll</surname>
<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Worsnop</surname>
<given-names>D. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McKinney</surname>
<given-names>K. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>S. T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 08121-3976, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst MA 01002, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>17927</fpage>
<lpage>17965</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/17927/2007/acpd-7-17927-2007.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/17927/2007/acpd-7-17927-2007.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/17927/2007/acpd-7-17927-2007.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/17927/2007/acpd-7-17927-2007.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The yield of particle mass in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed by dark
ozonolysis was measured for 0.3&amp;ndash;22.8 ppbv of reacted &amp;alpha;-pinene.
Most experiments were conducted using a continuous-flow chamber, allowing
nearly constant SOA concentration and chemical composition for several days.
For comparison, some experiments were also conducted in batch mode. Reaction
conditions were 25&amp;deg;C, 40% RH, dry (NH)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; seed
particles, and excess 1-butanol. The organic particle loading was
independently measured by an aerosol mass spectrometer and a scanning
mobility particle sizer, and the two measurements agreed well. The
observations showed that SOA formation occurred for even the lowest reacted
&amp;alpha;-pinene concentration of 0.3 ppbv. The particle mass yield was 0.09
at 0.15 &amp;mu;g m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;, increasing to 0.27 at 40 &amp;mu;g m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;.
Compared to results reported in the literature, the yields were 80 to
100% larger for loadings above 2 &amp;mu;g m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;. At lower loadings,
the yields had an offset of approximately +0.07 from those reported in the
literature. To as low as 0.15 &amp;mu;g m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;, the yield curve had no
inflection point toward null yield, implying the formation of one or several
products having vapor pressures below this value. These observations of
increased yields, especially for low loadings, are potentially important for
accurate prediction by chemical transport models of organic particle
concentrations in the ambient atmosphere.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="39"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Allan, J. D., Jimenez, J. L., Williams, P. I., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Jayne, J. T., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D. R.: Quantitative sampling using an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer &amp;ndash; 1. Techniques of data interpretation and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4090, doi:10.1029/2002JD002359, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Andreae, M. O. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and role in atmopsheric chemistry, Science, 276, 1052&amp;ndash;1058, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Barsanti, K. C. and Pankow, J. F.: Thermodynamics of the formation of atmospheric organic particulate matter by accretion reactions - part 1: Aldehydes and ketones, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4371&amp;ndash;4382, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bilde, M. and Pandis, S. N.: Evaporation rates and vapor pressures of individual aerosol species formed in the atmospheric oxidation of alpha- and beta-pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3344&amp;ndash;3349, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Blando, J. D. and Turpin, B. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud and fog droplets: A literature evaluation of plausibility, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1623&amp;ndash;1632, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cavalli, F., Geiger, H., Barnes, I., and Becker, K. H.: FTIR kinetic, product, and modeling study of the OH-initiated oxidation of 1-butanol in air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1263&amp;ndash;1270, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chen, J., Griffin, R. J., Grini, A., and Tulet, P.: Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation through cloud processing of organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 8951&amp;ndash;8922, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chew, A. A. and Atkinson, R.: OH radical formation yields from the gas-phase reactions of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; with alkenes and monoterpenes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28 649&amp;ndash;28 653, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global distribution and climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4407, doi:10.1029/2001JD001397, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cocker, D. R., Clegg, S. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: The effect of water on gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol. Part I: $\alpha $-pinene/ozone system, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6049&amp;ndash;6072, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Roberts, J. M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., Pszenny, A. A. P., Keene, W. C., Marchewka, M., Bertman, S. B., and Bates, T. S.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England air quality study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005623, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> DeCarlo, P., Slowik, J., Worsnop, D., Davidovits, P., and Jimenez, J.: Particle morphology and density characterization by combined mobility and aerodynamic diameter measurements. Part 1: Theory, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 1185&amp;ndash;1205, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: A field-deployable high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281&amp;ndash;8289, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., Xu, X. P., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., and Speizer, F. E.: An association between air-pollution and mortality in 6 United-States cities, N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 1753&amp;ndash;1759, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Donahue, N. M., Hartz, K. E. H., Chuong, B., Presto, A. A., Stanier, C. O., Rosenoern, T., Robinson, A. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Critical factors determining the variation in SOA yields from terpene ozonolysis: A combined experimental and computational study, Faraday Discuss., 130, 295&amp;ndash;309, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gao, S., Keywood, M., Ng, N. L., Surratt, J., Varutbangkul, V., Bahreini, R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Low-molecular-weight and oligomeric components in secondary organic aerosol from the ozonolysis of cycloalkenes and alpha-pinene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 10 147&amp;ndash;10 164, 2004a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gao, S., Ng, N. L., Keywood, M., Varutbangkul, V., Bahreini, R., Nenes, A., He, J. W., Yoo, K. Y., Beauchamp, J. L., Hodyss, R. P., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Particle phase acidity and oligomer formation in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6582&amp;ndash;6589, 2004b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Griffin, R. J., Cocker, D. R., Seinfeld, J. H., and Dabdub, D.: Estimate of global atmospheric organic aerosol from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2721&amp;ndash;2724, 1999a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Griffin, R. J., Cocker, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3555&amp;ndash;3567, 1999b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gross, D. S., Galli, M. E., Kalberer, M., Prevot, A. S., Dommen, J., Alfarra, M. R., Duplissy, J., Gaeggeler, K., Gascho, A., Metxger, A., and Baltensperger, U.: Real-time measurement of oligomeric species in secondary organic aerosol with the aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 2130&amp;ndash;2137, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Russell, L. M., Huebert, B. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Liao, H., and Weber, R. J.: A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18809, doi:10.1029/2005GL023831, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Heaton, K. J., Dreyfus, M. A., Wang, S., and Johnston, M. V.: Oligomers in the early stage of biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation and growth, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6129&amp;ndash;6136, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hoffmann, T., Odum, J. R., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Klockow, D., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Formation of organic aerosols from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 189&amp;ndash;222, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Huffman, J. A., Jayne, J. T., Drewnick, F., Aiken, A. C., Onasch, T. B., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Design, modeling, optimization and experimental tests of a particle beam width probe for the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 1143&amp;ndash;1163, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Iinuma, Y., Boge, O., Miao, Y., Sierau, B., Gnauk, T., and Hermann, H.: Laboratory studies on secondary organic aerosol formation from terpenes, Faraday Discuss., 130, 279&amp;ndash;294, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jang, M. S. and Kamens, R. M.: Atmospheric secondary aerosol formation by heterogeneous reactions of aldehydes in the presence of a sulfuric acid aerosol catalyst, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4758&amp;ndash;4766, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jang, M. S., Czoschke, N. M., Lee, S., and Kamens, R. M.: Heterogeneous atmospheric aerosol production by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions, Science, 298, 814&amp;ndash;817, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jang, M. S., Carroll, B., Chandramouli, B., and Kamens, R. M.: Particle growth by acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions of organic carbonyls on preexisting aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3828&amp;ndash;3837, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, 49&amp;ndash;70, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jenkin, M.: Modeling the formation and composition of secondary organic aerosol from α- and β-pinene with O3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2004, 1741&amp;ndash;1754, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jimenez, J. L., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Zhang, X., Smith, K. A., Morris, J. W., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kalberer, M., Paulsen, D., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Dommen, J., Prevot, A. S. H., Fisseha, R., Weingartner, E., Frankevich, V., Zenobi, R., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric organic aerosols, Science, 303, 1659&amp;ndash;1662, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., VanDingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: A review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053&amp;ndash;1123, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Katrib, Y., Martin, S. T., Rudich, Y., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Density changes of aerosol particles as a result of chemical reaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 275&amp;ndash;291, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> King, S. M., Rosenorn, T., Chen., Q., Shilling, J. E., and Martin, S. T.: CCN activity of mixed sulfate/SOA aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kleindienst, T. E., Smith, D. F., Li, W., Edney, E. O., Driscoll, D. J., Speer, R. E., and Weathers, W. S.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3669&amp;ndash;3681, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Klotz, B., Sorensen, S., Barnes, I., Becker, K. H., Etzkorn, T., Volkamer, R., Platt, U., Wirtz, K., and Martin-Reviejo, M.: Atmospheric oxidation of toluene in a large-volume outdoor photoreactor: In situ determination of ring-retaining product yields, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 10 289&amp;ndash;10 299, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Koch, S., Winterhalter, R., Uherek, E., Kalloff, A., Neeb, P., and Moortgat, G. K.: Formation of new particles in the gas-phase ozonolysis of monoterpenes, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4031&amp;ndash;4042, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Murphy, S. M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1869&amp;ndash;1877, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kroll, J. H., Chan, A. W. H., Ng, N. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Reactions of semivolatile organics and their effects on secondary organic aerosol formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3545&amp;ndash;3550, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Liggio, J., Li, S. M., and McLaren, R.: Heterogeneous reactions of glyoxal on particulate matter: Identification of acetals and sulfate esters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1532&amp;ndash;1541, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) medical applications, food control, and environmental research, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 173, 191&amp;ndash;241, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McMurry, P. H. and Grosjean, D.: Gas and aerosol wall losses in Teflon film smog chambers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1176&amp;ndash;1182, 1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Miller, K. A., Siscovick, D. S., Sheppard, L., Shepherd, K., Sullivan, J. H., Anderson, G. L., and Kaufman, J. D.: Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women, N. Engl. J. Med., 356, 447&amp;ndash;458, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Keywood, M. D., Bahreini, R., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Lee, A., and Goldstein, A. H.: Contribution of first- versus second-generation products to secondary organic aerosols formed in the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2283&amp;ndash;2297, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Odum, J. R., Hoffmann, T., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas/particle partitioning and secondary organic aerosol yields, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2580&amp;ndash;2585, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Odum, J. R., Jungkamp, T. P. W., Griffin, R. J., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline vapor, Science, 276, 96&amp;ndash;99, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pandis, S. N., Harley, R. A., Cass, G. R., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport, Atmos. Environ., 26, 2269&amp;ndash;2282, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pankow, J. F.: An absorption-model of gas-particle partitioning of organic-compounds in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 28, 185&amp;ndash;188, 1994a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pankow, J. F.: An absorption-model of the gas aerosol partitioning involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 28, 189&amp;ndash;193, 1994b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pathak, R. K., Stanier, C. O., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Ozonolysis of a-pinene at atmospherically relevant concentrations: Temperature dependence of aerosol mass fractions (yields), J. Geophys. Res, 112, D03201, doi:10.1029/2006JD007436, 2007a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pathak, R. K., Presto, A. A., Lane, R. E., Stanier, C. O., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Ozonolysis of a-pinene: Parameterization of secondary organic aerosol mass fraction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3811&amp;ndash;3821, 2007b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Paulsen, D., Dommen, J., Kalberer, M., Prevot, A. S. H., Richter, R., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Secondary organic aerosol formation by irradiation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenze-NOx-H2O in a new reaction chamber for atmospheric chemistry and physics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2668&amp;ndash;2678, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pope, C. A., Thun, M. J., Namboodiri, M. M., Dockery, D. W., Evans, J. S., Speizer, F. E., and Heath, C. W.: Particulate air-pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective-study of US adults, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 151, 669&amp;ndash;674, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Presto, A. A., Hartz, K. E. H., and Donahue, N. M.: Secondary organic aerosol production from terpene ozonolysis. 2. Effect of NOx concentration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7046&amp;ndash;7054, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Presto, A. A. and Donahue, N. M.: Investigation of alpha-pinene plus ozone secondary organic aerosol formation at low total aerosol mass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3536&amp;ndash;3543, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259&amp;ndash;1262, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Saunders, S. M., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the master chemical mechanism, MCM v3 (part a): Tropospheric degradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161&amp;ndash;180, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Seinfeld, J. H., Kleindienst, T. E., Edney, E. O., and Cohen, J. B.: Aerosol growth in a steady-state, continuous flow chamber: Application to studies of secondary aerosol formation, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 37, 728&amp;ndash;734, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Seinfeld, J. H. and Pankow, J. F.: Organic atmospheric particulate material, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 54, 121&amp;ndash;140, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Takegawa, N., Miyakawa, T., Kondo, Y., Blake, D. R., Kanaya, Y., Koike, M., Fukuda, M., Komazaki, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Shimono, A., and Takeuchi, T.: Evolution of submicron organic aerosol in polluted air exported from Tokyo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15814, doi:10.1029/2006GL025815, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tolocka, M. P., Jang, M., Ginter, J. M., Cox, F. J., Kamens, R. M., and Johnston, M. V.: Formation of oligomers in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1428&amp;ndash;1434, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tolocka, M. P., Heaton, K. J., Dreyfus, M. A., Wang, S. Y., Zordan, C. A., Saul, T. D., and Johnston, M. V.: Chemistry of particle inception and growth during alpha-pinene ozonolysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1843&amp;ndash;1848, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4682&amp;ndash;4692, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> VanReken, T. M., Greenberg, J. P., Harley, P. C., Buenther, A. B., and Smith, J. N.: Direct measurement of particle formation and growth from the oxidation of biogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4403&amp;ndash;4413, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Verheggen, B., Mozurkewich, M., Caffrey, P., Frick, G., Hoppel, W., and Sullivan, W.: $\alpha $-pinene oxidation in the presence of seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, growth rates, and yield, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(17), 6046&amp;ndash;6051, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J. L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Molina, M. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17811, doi:10.1029/2006GL026899, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Yu, J., Cocker, D. R., Griffin, R. J., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase ozone oxidation of monoterpenes: Gaseous and particulate products, J. Atmos. Chem., 34, 207&amp;ndash;258, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, Q., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J.-L.: Time- and size-resolved chemical compositions of submicron particles in Pittsburgh: Implications for aerosol sources and processes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D70S79, doi:10.1029/2004JD004649, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref70">
<label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M. R., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A. M., Sun, Y. L., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., DeCarlo, P. F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J. T., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R. J., Rautianinen, J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced nothern hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, doi:10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>