<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>5</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-7-14895-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/14895/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/14895/2007/acpd-7-14895-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/14895/2007/acpd-7-14895-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>14895</start_page>
	<end_page>14937</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-10-16</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">GEM-AQ, an on-line global multiscale chemical weather system: model description and evaluation of gas phase chemistry processes</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. W. Kaminski</name>
			<email>jacek@yorku.ca</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>L. Neary</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2">
			<name>J. Struzewska</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. C. McConnell</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. Lupu</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Jarosz</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="1">
			<name>K. Toyota</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="3">
			<name>S. L. Gong</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="9" affiliations="4">
			<name>J. Côté</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="10" affiliations="5,7">
			<name>X. Liu</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="11" affiliations="5">
			<name>K. Chance</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="12" affiliations="6">
			<name>A. Richter</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Atmospheric Modelling and Data Assimilation Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Institute of Environmental Engineering Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Montréal, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="5" content_type="html">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="6" content_type="html">Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="7" content_type="html">now at: Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Tropospheric chemistry and air quality processes were implemented on-line in the
Global Environmental Multiscale model. The integrated model, GEM-AQ, has
been developed as a platform to investigate chemical weather at scales from global
to urban. The model was exercised for five years (2001&amp;ndash;2005) to evaluate its ability
to simulate seasonal variations and regional distributions of trace gases such as ozone,
nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide on the global scale. The model results presented are
compared with observations from satellites, aircraft measurement campaigns and balloon sondes.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Atkinson, R. and Lloyd, A C.: Evaluation of kinetic and mechanistic data for modeling of photochemical smog, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 315&amp;ndash;444, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Atkinson, R., Baulch, D L., Cox, R A., Hampson, Jr., R F., Kerr, J A., Rossi, M J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical for atmospheric chemistry, Organic Species: Supplement VII, IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 191&amp;ndash;393, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Atkinson, R., Baulch, D L., Cox, R A., Crowley, J N., Hampson, R F., Hynes, R G., Jenkin, M E., Rossi, M J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I - gas phase reactions of \chemO_x, HO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and \chemSO_x species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1461&amp;ndash;1738, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Atkinson, R., Baulch, D L., Cox, R A., Crowley, J N., Hampson, R F., Hynes, R G., Jenkin, M E., Rossi, M J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume II - reactions of organic species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3625&amp;ndash;4055, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Benoît, R., C\^oté, J., and Méthot, A.: Inclusion of a TKE boundary layer parameterization in the Canadian Regional Finite-Element Model, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1726&amp;ndash;1750, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., No\&quot;el, S., Rozanov, V V., Chance, K V., and Goede, A. P H.: SCIAMACHY: Mission objectives and measurement modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127&amp;ndash;150, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Burrows, J P., Hölzle, E., Goede, A. P H., Visser, H., and Fricke, W.: SCIAMACHY&amp;ndash;-Scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography, Acta Astronautica, 35, 445&amp;ndash;451, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Burrows, J P., Weber, M., Buchwitz, M., Rozanov, V., Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., Richter, A., DeBeeka, R., Hoogena, R., Bramstedt, K., Eichmann, K.-U., Eisinger, M., and Perner, D.: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission concept and first scientific results, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 151&amp;ndash;175, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Calvert, J G. and Pitts, Jr., J N.: Photochemistry, Wiley, New York, 1966. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> C\^oté, J., Desmarais, J.-G., Gravel, S., Méthot, A., Patoine, A., Roch, M., and Staniforth, A.: The operational CMC&amp;ndash;MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part II: Results, Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1397&amp;ndash;1418, 1998a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> C\^oté, J., Gravel, S., Méthot, A., Patoine, A., Roch, M., and Staniforth, A.: The operational CMC&amp;ndash;MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part~I: Design considerations and formulation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1373&amp;ndash;1395, 1998b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> de~Grandpré, J., Beagley, S R., Fomichev, V I., Griffioen, E., McConnell, J C., Medvedev, A S., and Shepherd, T G.: Ozone climatology using interactive chemistry: Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26 475&amp;ndash;26 491, \doi10.1029/2000JD900427, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Deardorff, J W.: Efficient prediction of ground surface-temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1889&amp;ndash;1903, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> DeMore, W B., Sander, S P., Golden, D M., Hampson, R F., Kurylo, M J., Howard, C J., Ravishankara, A R., Kolb, C E., and Molina, M J.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Evaluation 12, JPL Publication 97-4, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Drummond, J R.: Measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT), in: The use of EOS for studies of atmospheric physics, edited by Gille, J C. and Visconti, G., pp. 77&amp;ndash;101, North-Holland, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Drummond, J R. and Mand, G S.: The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument: Overall performance and calibration requirements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 13, 314&amp;ndash;320, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Edwards, D P., Pétron, G., Novelli, P C., Emmons, L K., Gille, J C., and Drummond, J R.: Southern Hemisphere carbon monoxide interannual variability observed by Terra/Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16303, \doi10.1029/2006JD007079, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Fishman, J., Hoell Jr., J M., Bendura, R D., McNeal, R J., and Kirchhoff, V. W. J H.: NASA GTE TRACE A Experiment (September&amp;ndash;October 1992): Overview, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23 865&amp;ndash;23 880, \doi10.1029/96JD00123, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Fouquart, Y. and Bonnel, B.: Computations of solar heating of the Earth&apos;s atmosphere: A new parameterization, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 53, 35&amp;ndash;62, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Garand, L.: Some improvements and complements to the infrared emissivity algorithm including a parameterization of the absorption in the continuum region, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 230&amp;ndash;243, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Garand, L. and Mailhot, J.: The influence of infrared radiation on numerical weather forecasts, in: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, July 23&amp;ndash;27, 1990, San Francisco, CA, pp. J146&amp;ndash;J151, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Gauthier, P., Charette, C., Fillion, L., Koclas, P., and Laroche, S.: Implementation of a 3D assimilation system at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. Part~I: The global analysis., Atmos.-Ocean, 37, 103&amp;ndash;156, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Gauthier, P., Tanguay, M., Laroche, S., Pellerin, S., and Morneau, J.: Extension of 3D&amp;ndash;Var to 4D&amp;ndash;Var: implementation of 4D&amp;ndash;Var at the Meteorological Service of Canada, Mon. Wea. Rev., 35, 2339&amp;ndash;2354, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Giguère, P A. and Olmos, A W.: Sur le spectre ultraviolet de l&apos;acide peraéetique et l&apos;hydrolyse des peracétates, Can. J. Chem., pp. 689&amp;ndash;691, 1956. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Gong, S L., Barrie, L A., Blanchet, J.-P., von Salzen, K., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., Spacek, L., Zhang, L M., Girard, E., Lin, H., Leaitch, R., Leighton, H., Chylek, P., and Huang, P.: Canadian Aerosol Module: A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models, 1 Module development, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4007, \doi10.1029/2001JD002002, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Gong, S L., Huang, P., Zhao, T L., Sahsuvar, L., Barrie, L A., Kaminski, J W., Li, Y F., and Niu, T.: GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - 1 Model description and evaluations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4001&amp;ndash;4013, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Grell, G A., Peckham, S E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S A., Frost, G., Skamarock, W C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled &quot;online&quot; chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957&amp;ndash;6975, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Hervig, M E., Russell III, J M., Gordley, L L., Park, J H., and Drayson, S R.: Observations of aerosol by the HALOE experiment onboard UARS: A preliminary validation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1291&amp;ndash;1294, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Horie, O. and Moortgat, G K.: Reactions of CH3C(O)O2 radicals with CH3O2 and HO2 radicals between 263 and 333 K, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 88, 3305&amp;ndash;3312, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Huang, P., Gong, S L., Zhao, T L., Neary, L., and Barrie, L A.: GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants &amp;ndash; Part~2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 3837&amp;ndash;3857, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> IPCC: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, NY, USA, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Data Sheet NOx11, 19 July 2005, prefixhttp://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/, 2005a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Data Sheet HOx_VOC54, 17 February 2005, prefixhttp://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/, 2005b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Data Sheet HOx_VOC3, 5 December 2005, prefixhttp://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/, 2005c. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Data Sheet HOx_VOC2, 21 July 2005, prefixhttp://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/, 2005d. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Data Sheet HOx_VOC36, 21 July 2005, prefixhttp://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/, 2005e. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Data Sheet ROO_1, 3 July 2005, prefixhttp://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/, 2005f. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry, Data Sheet HOx_VOC23, 8 June 2005, prefixhttp://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/, 2005g. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., Brühl, C., Buchholz, J., Ganzeveld, L., Hoor, P., Kerkweg, A., Lawrence, M G., Sander, R., Steil, B., Stiller, G., Tanarhte, M., Taraborrelli, D., van Aardenne, J., and Lelieveld, J.: The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5067&amp;ndash;5104, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Kaminski, J W., Plummer, D A., Neary, L., McConnell, J C., Struzewska, J., and Lobocki, L.: First application of MC2-AQ to multiscale air quality modelling over Europe, Phys. Chem. Earth, 27, 1517&amp;ndash;1524, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Kuo, H L.: Further studies on the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on largescale flow, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232&amp;ndash;1240, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Landgraf, J. and Crutzen, P J.: An efficient method for online calculations of photolysis and heating rates, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 863&amp;ndash;878, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Langner, J., Robinson, L., Persson, C., and Ullerstig, A.: Validation of the operational emergency response model at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute using data from ETEX and the Chernobyl accident - Description, test and sensitivity analysis in view of regulator applications, Atmos. Env., 32, 4325&amp;ndash;4333, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Laprise, R. and Girard, C.: A spectral general circulation model using a piecewise-constant finite-element representation on a hybrid vertical coordinate system, J. Climate, 3, 32&amp;ndash;52, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Laroche, S., Gauthier, P., Tanguay, M., Pellerin, S., and Morneau, J.: Impact of the different components of 4D&amp;ndash;Var on the global forecast system of the Meteorological Service of Canada, Mon. Wea. Rev., 35, 2355&amp;ndash;2364, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Liu, S C., Trainer, M., Fehsenfelf, F., Parrish, D D., Williams, E J., Fahey, D W., Hubler, G., and Murphy, P C.: Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4191&amp;ndash;4207, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Liu, X., Chance, K., Sioris, C E., Spurr, R. J D., Kurosu, T P., Martin, R V., and Newchurch, M J.: Ozone profile and tropospheric ozone retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment: Algorithm description and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D20307, \doi10.1029/2005JD006240, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Liu, X., Chance, K., Sioris, C E., Kurosu, T P., Spurr, R. J D., Martin, R V., Fu, M., Logan, J A., Jacob, H J., Palmer, P I., Newchurch, M J., Megretskaia, I., and Chatfield, R.: First directly retrieved global distribution of tropospheric column ozone from GOME: Comparison with the GEOS-CHEM model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02308, \doi10.1029/2005JD006564, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Logan, J A.: An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere: Recommendations for testing 3-D models, and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16 115&amp;ndash;16 149, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Lurmann, F W., Lloyd, A C., and Atkinson, R.: A chemical mechanism for use in long-range transport/acid deposition computer modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10 905&amp;ndash;10 936, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Mailhot, J.: The regional finite-element (RFE) model scientific description. Part 2: Physics, Documentation Manual available from RPN, Meteorological Service of Canada, Dorval, QC, Canada, M9P 1J3, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Mailhot, J., Chouinard, C., Benoît, R., Roch, M., and Verner, G.: Numerical forecasting of winter coastal storms during CASP - Evaluation of the regional finite-element model, Atmos.-Ocean., 27, 24&amp;ndash;58, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Marécal, V., Rivière, E D., Held, G., Cautenet, S., and Freitas, S.: Modelling study of the impact of deep convection on the UTLS air composition &amp;ndash; Part~I: Analysis of ozone precursors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1567&amp;ndash;1584, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Martin, R V., Sioris, C E., Chance, K., Ryerson, T B., Bertram, T H., Wolldridge, P J., Cohen, R C., Neuman, J A., Swanson, A., and Flocke, F M.: Evaluation of space-based constraints on global nitrogen oxide emissions with regional aircraft measurements over and downwind of eastern North America, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15 308, \doi10.1029/2005JD006680, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> McFarlane, N A.: The effect of orographically excited gravity wave drag on the general circulation of the lower stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1775&amp;ndash;1800, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> McLandress, C. and McFarlane, N A.: Interactions between orographic gravity wave drag and forced stationary planetary waves in the winter northern hemisphere middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1966&amp;ndash;1990, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> McLinden, C A., Olsen, S C., Hannegan, B., Wild, O., Prather, M J., and Sundet, J.: Stratospheric ozone in 3-D models: A simple chemistry and the cross-tropopause flux, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14 653&amp;ndash;14 666, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Molina, L T. and Molina, M J.: Absolute absorption cross sections of ozone in the 185- to 350-nm wavelength range, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14 501&amp;ndash;14 508, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Murphy, D M. and Fahey, D W.: An estimate of the flux of stratospheric reactive nitrogen and ozone into the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5325&amp;ndash;5332, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Olivier, J. G J. and Berdowski, J. J M.: Global emissions sources and sinks, in: The Climate System, edited by: Guicherit, R. and Heij, B., pp. 33&amp;ndash;78, A. A. Balkema Publishers/Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Olivier, J. G J., Bouwman, A F., Berdowski, J. J M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J. P J., Visschedijk, A. J H., van~der Maas, C. W M., and Zandveld, P. Y J.: Sectoral emission inventories of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on $1^\circ\times1^\circ$, Environ. Sci. Pol., 2, 241&amp;ndash;263, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> O\rqNeill, N T., Thulasiraman, S., Eck, T F., and Reid, J S.: Robust optical features of fine mode size distributions; application to the Québec smoke event of 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11207, \doi10.1029/2004JD005157, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> O\rqNeill, N T., Campanelli, M., Lupu, A., Thulasiraman, S., Reid, J S., Aubé, M., Neary, L., Kaminski, J W., and McConnell, J C.: Evaluation of the GEM&amp;ndash;AQ air quality model during the Québec smoke event of 2002: Analysis of extensive and intensive optical disparities, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3737&amp;ndash;3749, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Pickering, K E., Wang, Y., Tao, W.-K., Price, C., and Müller, J.-F.: Vertical distributions of lightning NO$_x$ for use in regional and global chemical transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 203&amp;ndash;31 216, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Plum, C N., Atkinson, R., Carter, W. P L., and Pitts, Jr., J N.: OH radical rate constants and photolysis rates of α-dicarbonyls, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 479&amp;ndash;484, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Sander, S P., Friedl, R R., Golden, D M., Kurylo, M J., Moortgat, G K., Keller-Rudek, H., Wine, P H., Ravishankara, A R., Kolb, C E., Molina, M J., Finlayson-Pitts, B J., Huie, R E., and Orkin, V L.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, Evaluation Number 15, JPL Publication 06-2, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Saunders, S M., Jenkin, M E., Derwent, R G., and Pilling, M J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161&amp;ndash;180, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Stockwell, W R. and Lurmann, F W.: Intercomparison of the ADOM and RADM Gas-Phase Chemistry Mechanisms. Report prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Struzewska, J. and Kaminski, J W.: Formation and transport of photooxidants over Europe during the July 2006 heat wave &amp;ndash; observations and GEM&amp;ndash;AQ model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 10 467&amp;ndash;10 514, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Talukdar, R K., Longfellow, C A., Gilles, M K., and Ravishankara, A R.: Quantum yields of \chemO(^1D) in the photolysis of ozone between 289 and 329 nm as a function of temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 143&amp;ndash;146, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> Thompson, A M., Witte, J C., McPeters, R D., Oltmans, S J., Schmidlin, F J., Logan, J A., Fujiwara, M., Kirchhoff, V. W. J H., Posny, F., Coetzee, G. J R., Hoegger, B., Kawakami, S., Ogawa, T., Johnson, B J., Vömel, H., and Labow, G.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998-2000 tropical ozone climatology 1 Comparison with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and ground-based measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8238, \doi10.1029/2001JD000967, 2003a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Thompson, A M., Witte, J C., Oltmans, S J., Schmidlin, F J., Logan, J A., Fujiwara, M., Kirchhoff, V. W. J H., Posny, F., Coetzee, G. J R., Hoegger, B., Kawakami, S., Ogawa, T., Fortuin, J. P F., and Kelder, H M.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998-2000 tropical ozone climatology 2 Tropospheric variability and the zonal wave-one, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8241, \doi10.1029/2002JD002241, 2003b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Thornton, J A., Braban, C F., and Abbatt, J. P D.: N2O5 hydrolysis on sub-micron organic aerosols: the effect of relative humidity, particle phase, and particle size, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 4593&amp;ndash;4603, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Tulet, P., Crassier, V., Solmon, F., Guedalia, D., and Rosset, R.: Description of the Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Chemistry model and application to a transboundary pollution episode between northern France and southern England, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4021, \doi10.1029/2000JD000301, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> Venkatram, A., Karamchandani, P K., and Misra, P K.: Testing a comprehensive acid deposition model, Atmos. Environ., 22, 737&amp;ndash;747, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> Wesely, M L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293&amp;ndash;1304, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Yeh, K.-S., C\^oté, J., Gravel, S., Méthot, A., Patoine, A., Roch, M., and Staniforth, A.: The CMC&amp;ndash;MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part~III: Nonhydrostatic Formulation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 339&amp;ndash;356, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="78" content_type="text"> Yu, W., Garand, L., and Dastoor, A P.: Evaluation of model clouds and radiation at 100 km scale using GOES data, Tellus A, 49, 246, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="79" content_type="text"> Zhang, G J. and McFarlane, N A.: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the CCC-GCM, Atmos.-Ocean, 3, 407&amp;ndash;446, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="80" content_type="text"> Zhang, L., Moran, M D., Makar, P A., Brook, J R., and Gong, S.: Modelling gaseous dry deposition in AURAMS: a unified regional air-quality modelling system, Atmos. Environ., 36, 537&amp;ndash;560, 2002. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

