Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
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10.5194/acpd-7-14813-2007
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http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/14813/2007/acpd-7-14813-2007.pdf
14813
14894
2007-10-16
Lightning activity in Brazilian thunderstorms during TROCCINOX: implications for NO<sub>x</sub> production
H. Huntrieser
heidi.huntrieser@dlr.de
U. Schumann
H. Schlager
H. Höller
A. Giez
H.-D. Betz
D. Brunner
C. Forster
O. Pinto Jr.
R. Calheiros
Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Flugabteilung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Physics Department, University of Munich, Germany
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Atmosphere and Climate Change Department, Kjeller, Norway
National Institute for Space Research, INPE, Brazil
Instituto de Pesquisas Meteorológicas – Universidade Estadual Paulista, IPMet/UNESP, Bauru, Brazil
now at: Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland
now at: Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
During the TROCCINOX field experiment in January and February 2005, the
contribution of lightning-induced nitrogen oxides (LNOx) from tropical and
subtropical thunderstorms in Southern Brazil was investigated. Airborne
trace gas measurements (NO, NO<sub>y</sub>, CO and O<sub>3</sub>) were performed up to
12.5 km with the German research aircraft Falcon. During anvil penetrations in
selected tropical and subtropical thunderstorms of 4 and 18 February,
NO<sub>x</sub> mixing ratios were on average enhanced by 0.7–1.2 and 0.2–0.8 nmol mol<sup>−1</sup> totally, respectively. The relative contributions of boundary
layer NO<sub>x</sub> (BL-NOx) and LNOx to anvil-NO<sub>x</sub> were derived from the
NO<sub>x</sub>-CO correlations. On average ~80–90% of the anvil-NO<sub>x</sub> was attributed to LNOx. A Lightning Location Network (LINET) was set up to monitor the local distribution of
cloud-to-ground (CG) and intra-cloud (IC) radiation sources (here called
"strokes") and compared with lightning data from the operational Brazilian
network RINDAT (Rede Integrada Nacional de Detecção de Descargas Atmosféricas). The horizontal LNOx mass flux out of the anvil was
determined from the mean LNOx mixing ratio, the horizontal outflow velocity
and the size of the vertical cross-section of the anvil, and related to the
number of strokes contributing to LNOx. The values of these parameters were
derived from the airborne measurements, from lightning and radar
observations, and from a trajectory analysis. The amount of LNOx produced
per LINET stroke depending on measured peak current was determined. The
results were scaled up with the Lightning Imaging
Sensor (LIS) flash rate (44 flashes s<sup>−1</sup>) to obtain an
estimate of the global LNOx production rate. The final results gave ~1
and ~2–3 kg(N) per LIS flash based on measurements in three tropical
and one subtropical Brazilian thunderstorms, respectively, suggesting that tropical flashes may be less productive than subtropical ones.
The equivalent mean annual global LNOx nitrogen mass production rate was estimated to be
1.6 and 3.1 Tg a<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. By use of LINET observations in
Germany in July 2005, a comparison with the lightning activity in
mid-latitude thunderstorms was also performed. In general, the same
frequency distribution of stroke peak currents as for tropical thunderstorms
over Brazil was found. The different LNOx production rates per stroke in
tropical thunderstorms compared with subtropical and mid-latitude
thunderstorms seem to be related to the different stroke lengths (inferred from comparison with
laboratory data and observed lengths). In comparison, the impact of other
lightning parameters as stroke peak current and stroke release height was
assessed to be minor. The results from TROCCINOX suggest that the different vertical wind shear may be
responsible for the different stroke lengths.
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