<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>5</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-7-14413-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/14413/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/14413/2007/acpd-7-14413-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/14413/2007/acpd-7-14413-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>14413</start_page>
	<end_page>14432</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-10-10</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>J. Ming</name>
			<email>mingjing@mail.iggcas.ac.cn</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="3">
			<name>H. Cachier</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>C. Xiao</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="2">
			<name>D. Qin</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="2,4">
			<name>S. Kang</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="2">
			<name>S. Hou</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="2">
			<name>J. Xu</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Institute of Climate System, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081 China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Laboratoire des Sciences du climat et de l&apos;Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A continuous measurement for black carbon conducted on a shallow ice core
extracted from the East Rongbuk glacier beside Mt. Qomolangma recovers the
first historical record of black carbon 13 deposition in the past ~50 years
in the high Asian cryosphere. Fast increasing trend of BC concentration is
revealed since the mid-1990s. Backward air trajectory analysis indicates that
South Asia&apos;s emission has significant impacts on the BC deposition in the
East Rongbuk glacier. The estimated atmospheric BC concentration over the
East Rongbuk glacier is about 80 ngC m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;. This suggests black carbon from
South Asia&apos;s emission might penetrate into the Tibetan Plateau by 18 climbing
over the elevated Himalayas. Considering the consequent extra solar radiative
absorption over the glacier, it is suggested that this amplitude of BC
concentration in the atmosphere over the Himalayas could not be neglected
when assessing the warming effect on the surface of the glaciers on the
Himalayas.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Bond, T. C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., Streets, D. G., and Trautmann, N. M.: Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850&amp;ndash;2000, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2018, doi:10.1029/2006GB002840, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Bryson, R. A.: Airstream climatology of Asia, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Mountain Meteorology, pp. 604&amp;ndash;617, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Cachier, H. and Pertuisot, M. H.: Particulate carbon in Arctic ice, Analysis Magazine, 22, 34&amp;ndash;37, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Ch\&apos;ylek, P., Srivastava, V., Cahenzli, L., Rinnick, R. G., Dod, R. L., Novakov, T., Cook, T. L., and Hinds, B. D.: Aerosol and graphitic carbon content of snow, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9801&amp;ndash;9009, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Ch\&apos;ylek, P., Johnson, B., Damiano, P. A., Taylor, K. C., and Clement, P.: Biomass burning record and black carbon in the GISP2 ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(2), 89&amp;ndash;92, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Clarke, A. D. and Noone, K. J.: Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer, Atmos. Environ., 19, 2045&amp;ndash;2053, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Davidson, C. I., Jaffrezo, J. L., Mosher, B. W., Dibb, J. E., Borys, R. D., Bodhaine, B. A., Rasmussen, R. A., Boutron, C. F., Gorlach, U., Cachier, H., Ducret, J., Colin, J. L., Heidam, N. Z., Kemp, K., and Hillamo, R.: Chemical constituents in the air and snow at Dye 3, Greenland: II. Analysis of Episodes in April 1989, Atmos. Environ., 27(A), 2723&amp;ndash;2738, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Duan, K., Yao, T., and Thompson, L. G.: Low-frequency of southern Asian monsoon variability using a 295-year record from the Dasuopu ice core in the central Himalayas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16209, doi:10.1029/2004GL020015, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Hansen, J. and Nazarenko, L.: Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101(2), 423&amp;ndash;428, doi:10.1073/pnas.2237157100, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Jacobson, M. Z.: Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot&apos;s feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21201, doi:10.1029/2004JD004945, 2004a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Jacobson, M. Z.: The short-term cooling but long-term warming due to biomass burning, J. Climate, 17, 2909&amp;ndash;2926, 2004b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Jenk, T. M., Szidat, S., Schwikowski, M., Gäggeler, H. W., Brütsch, S., Wacher, L., Synal, H.-A., and Saurer, M.: Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650&amp;ndash;1940), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5381&amp;ndash;5390, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Kang, S., Wake, C., Qin, D., Mayewski, P. A., and Yao, T.: Monsoon and dust signals recorded in Dasuopu Glacier, Tibetan Plateau, J. Glaciol., 46(153), 222&amp;ndash;226, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Kang, S., Mayewski, P. A., Qin, D., Yan, Y., Zhang, D., and Hou, S.: Twentieth century increase of atmospheric ammonia recorded in Mt. Everest ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 4595, doi:10.1029/2001JD001413, 2002a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Kang, S., Kreutz, K. J., Mayewski, P. A., Qin, D., and Yao, T.: Stable isotopic composition over the northern slope of the central Himalayas, J. Glaciol., 48(163), 519&amp;ndash;526, 2002b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Kang, S., Mayewski, P. A., Qin, D., Sneed, S. A., Ren, J., and Zhang, D.: Seasonal differences in snow chemistry from the vicinity of Mt Everest, central Himalayas, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2819&amp;ndash;2829, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Koch, D. and Hansen, J.: Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: A Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04204, doi:10.1029/2004JD005296, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Lavanchy V. M. H., Gäggeler, H. W., Schotterer, U., Schwikowski, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Historical record of carbonaceous particle concentrations from a European high-alpine glacier (Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland), J. Geophys. Res., 104(D17), 21 227&amp;ndash;21 236, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Ramanathan, V., et al.: The Indian Ocean Experiment: widespread air pollution from South and Southeast Asia, Science, 291, 1031&amp;ndash;1036, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Nieuwolt, S. (Eds.): Tropical Climatology: An Introduction to the Climates of the Low Latitudes, 207 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Noone, K. J. and Clarke, A. D.: Soot scavenging measurements in Arctic snowfall, Atmos. Environ., 22, 2773&amp;ndash;2778, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Qin, D., Hou, S., Zhang, D., Ren, J., Kang, S., Mayewski, P. A., and Wake, C. P.: Preliminary results from the chemical records of an 80m ice core recovered from the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt Qomolangma (Everest), Ann. Glaciol., 35, 278&amp;ndash;284, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle, Science, 294, 2119&amp;ndash;2124, 2001a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Lelieveld, J., et al.: Indian Ocean Experiment: An Integrated Analysis of the Climate Forcing and Effects of the Great Indo-Asian Haze, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28 371&amp;ndash;28 398, 2001b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Ramanathan, V. and Ramana, M. V.: Atmospheric Brown Clouds: long-range transport and climate impacts, EM, December, 28&amp;ndash;33, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Ramanathan, V., Ramana, M. V., Roberts, G., Kim, D., Corrigan, C., Chung, C., and Winker, D.: Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption, Nature, 448, 575&amp;ndash;578, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Ren, J., Jing, Z., Pu, J., and Qin, X.: Glaciers variations and climate change in the central Himalaya over the past few decades, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 218&amp;ndash;222, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., et al.: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res.,108(D21), 8809, doi:10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Tian, L., Yao, T., Schuster, P. F., White, J. W. C., Ichiyanagi, K., Pendall, E., Pu, J., and Yu, W.: Oxygen-18 concentrations in recent precipitation and ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4293, doi:10.1029/2002JD002173, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Venkataraman, C., Habib, G., Eiguren-Fernandez, A., Miguel, A. H., and Friedlander, S. K.: Residential biofuels in South Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts, Science, 307, 1454&amp;ndash;1456, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Xiao, C., Mayewski, P. A., Qin, D., Li, Z., Zhang, M., and Yan, Y.: Sea level pressure variability over the southern Indian Ocean inferred from a glaciochemical record in Princess Elizabeth Land, east Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16101, doi:10.1029/2003JD004065, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Ye, D. (Eds) and Yang, G.: The average vertical circulation over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, in Tibetan Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 202&amp;ndash;212, Science Press, Beijing, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Zhang, S., Hou, S., Ma, X., Qin, D., and Chen, T.: Culturable bacteria in Himalayan glacial ice in response to atmospheric circulation, Biogeosciences, 4, 1&amp;ndash;9, 2007. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

