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<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>5</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-7-13989-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/13989/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/13989/2007/acpd-7-13989-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/13989/2007/acpd-7-13989-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>13989</start_page>
	<end_page>14010</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-09-28</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Long-term climatology of air mass transport through the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) during NH winter</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,3">
			<name>K. Krüger</name>
			<email>kkrueger@ifm-geomar.de</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2,3">
			<name>S. Tegtmeier</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="3">
			<name>M. Rex</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A long-term climatology of air mass transport through the tropical
tropopause layer (TTL) is presented, covering the period from
1962&amp;ndash;2005. The transport through the TTL is calculated with a
Lagrangian approach using radiative heating rates as vertical
velocities in an isentropic trajectory model. We demonstrate the
improved performance of such an approach compared to previous
studies using vertical winds from meteorological analyses. Within
the TTL, the averaged diabatic ascent is 0.5 K/day during Northern
Hemisphere (NH) winters 1992&amp;ndash;2001, close to observations from the
tape recorder. Climatological maps show a cooling and strengthening
of this part of the residual circulation during the late 1990s and
early 2000s compared to the long-term mean. Lagrangian cold point
(LCP) fields show systematic differences for varying time periods
and natural forcing components. The interannual variability of LCP
temperature and density fields are found to be influenced by
volcanic eruptions, ENSO, QBO and the solar cycle. The coldest and
driest TTL is reached during QBOE and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a over the western
Pacific, whereas during volcanic eruptions, El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and QBOW it
is warmer and less dry.</abstract>
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