Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net 1680-7367 1680-7375 7 4 2007 10.5194/acpd-7-12541-2007 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12541/2007/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12541/2007/acpd-7-12541-2007.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12541/2007/acpd-7-12541-2007.pdf 12541 12572 2007-08-23 A climatology of surface ozone in the extra tropics: cluster analysis of observations and model results O. A. Tarasova tarasova@mpch-mainz.mpg.de C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer P. Jöckel A. M. Zvyagintsev G. I. Kuznetsov Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, Russia Central Aerological Observatory, Dolgoprudny, Russia Important aspects of the seasonal variations of surface ozone are discussed. The underlying analysis is based on the long-term (1990–2004) ozone records of Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and the World Data Center of Greenhouse Gases which do have a strong Northern Hemisphere bias. Seasonal variations are pronounced at most of the 114 locations for any time of the day. Seasonal-diurnal variability classification using hierarchical agglomeration clustering reveals 5 distinct clusters: clean/rural, semi-polluted non-elevated, semi-polluted semi-elevated, elevated and polar/remote marine types. For the cluster "clean/rural" the seasonal maximum is observed in April, both for night and day. For those sites with a double maximum or a wide spring-summer maximum, the one in spring appears both for day and night, while the one in summer is more pronounced for daytime and hence can be attributed to photochemical processes. For the spring maximum photochemistry is a less plausible explanation as no dependence of the maximum timing is observed. More probably the spring maximum is caused by dynamical/transport processes. Using data from the 3-D atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1 covering the period of 1998–2005 a comparison has been performed for the identified clusters. For the model data four distinct classes of variability are detected. The majority of cases are covered by the regimes with a spring seasonal maximum or with a broad spring-summer maximum (with prevailing summer). The regime with winter–early spring maximum is reproduced by the model for southern hemispheric locations. Background and semi-polluted sites appear in the model in the same cluster. The seasonality in this model cluster is characterized by a pronounced spring (May) maximum. For the model cluster that covers partly semi-elevated semi-polluted sites the role of the photochemical production/destruction seems to be overestimated. Taking into consideration the differences in the data sampling procedure the carried out comparison demonstrates the ability of the model to reproduce the main regimes of surface ozone variability quite well. Ahammed, Y. N., Reddy, R. R., Gopal, K. R., Narasimhulu, K., Basha, D. B., Siva, L., Reddy, S., and Rao, T. V. R.: Seasonal variation of the surface ozone and its precursor gases during 2001–2003, measured at Anantapur (14.628 N), a semi-arid site in India, Atmos. Res., 80, 151–164, 2006. Beaver, S. and Palazoglu, A.: A cluster aggregation scheme for ozone episode selection in the San Francisco, CA Bay Area, Atmos. Environ., 40(4), 713–725, 2006. Cape, J. N., Methven, J., and Hudson, L. E.: The use of trajectory cluster analysis to interpret trace gas measurements at Mace Head, Ireland, Atmos. Environ., 34(22), 3651–3663, 2000. Colette, A., Ancellet, G., and Borchi, F.: Impact of vertical transport processes on the tropospheric ozone layering above Europe. Part I: Study of air mass origin using multivariate analysis, clustering and trajectories, Atmos. Environ., 39(29), 5409–5422, 2005. Crutzen, P. J.: A discussion of the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and troposphere, Pure Appl. Geophys., 106, 1385–1399, 1973. EMEP Assessment: Part I, European Perspective, edited by: Lövblad, G., Tarrasón, L., Tørseth, K., Dutchak, S., ISBN 82-7144-032-2, Oslo, October 2004. Esser, P. J.: The effect of local and regional influences on ground level ozone concentrations under north European conditions, IMW-TNO Report R93/098, Delft, The Netherlands, 1993. Everitt, B. S.: Cluster Analysis, third ed., Heinemann Education, London, 1993. Fabian, P. and Pruchniewz, P. G.: Meridional distribution of ozone in the troposphere and its seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2063–2073, 1977. Felipe-Sotelo, M., Gustems, L., Hernández, I., Terrado, M., and Tauler, R.: Investigation of geographical and temporal distribution of tropospheric ozone in Catalonia (North-East Spain) during the period 2000–2004 using multivariate data analysis methods, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7421–7436, 2006. Fiore, A., Jacob, D. J., Liu, H., Yantosca, R. M., Fairlie, T. D., and Li, Q.: Variability in surface ozone background over the United States: Implications for air quality policy, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4787, doi:10.1029/2003JD003855, 2003. Gordon, A. D.: A Review of Hierarchical Classification, J. Roy. Stat. Soc., Series A (General), 150(2), 119–137, 1987. Gros, V., Poisson, N., Martin, D., Kanakidou, M., and Bonsang, B.: Observations and modeling of the seasonal variation of surface ozone at Amsterdam Island: 1994–1996, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28 103–28 109, 1998. Hill, T. and Lewicki, P.: STATISTICS: Methods and Applications, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, 2006. IPCC 2006: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, edited by: Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe, K., IGES, Japan, 2006. Hjellbrekke A.-G. and Solberg, S.: Ozone measurements 2001, EMEP/CCC-Report, 4/2003, 2003. Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., Brühl, C.,~Buchholz, J., Ganzeveld, L., Hoor, P., Kerkweg, A., Lawrence, M. G., Sander, R.,~Steil, B.,~Stiller, G., Tanarhte, M., Taraborrelli, D., van~Aardenne, J.,~and~Lelieveld, J.: The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5067–5104, 2006. Jonson J. E., Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., and Solberg, S.: Can we explain the trends in European ozone levels?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 51–66, 2006. Lelieveld, J. and Dentener, F. J.: What controls tropospheric ozone?, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D3), 3531–3551, 2000. Lelieveld, J., van Aardenne, J., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Williams, J., and Winkler, P.: Increasing Ozone over the Atlantic Ocean, Science, 304, 1483–1487, 2004. Li, Q., Jacob, D. J., Fairlie, T. D., Liu, H., Martin, R. V., and Yantosca, R. M.: Stratospheric versus pollution influences on ozone at Bermuda: Reconciling past analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4611, doi:10.1029/2002JD002138, 2002. Linvill, D. E., Hooker, W. J., and Olson, B.: Ozone in Michigan's Environment 1876–1880, Mon.y Weather Rev., 108, 1883–1891, 1980. Monks, P. S.: A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone maximum, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3545–3561, 2000. Moody, J. L., Pszenny, A. P., Gaudry, A., Keene, W. C., Galloway, J. N., and Polian, G.: Precipitation composition and its variability in the southern Indian Ocean: Amsterdam Island. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20 769–20 786, 1991. Nolle, M., Ellul, R., Ventura, F., and Güsten, H.: A study of historical surface ozone measurements (1884–1900) on the island of Gozo in the central Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ.,~39(30), 5608–5618, 2005. Oltmans, S. J. and Levy II, H.: Seasonal cycle of surface ozone over the western North Atlantic, Nature, 358, 392–394, 1992. Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., and Helmig, D.: Episodes of high surface ozone amounts at south pole during summer and their impact on the long-term surface ozone variation, Atmos. Environ.,~in press, available online 1 February 2007. Oltmans, S. J., Lefohn, A. S., Harris, J. M., Galbally, I. , Scheel, H. E., Bodeker, G., Brunke, E., Claude, H., Tarasick, D., Johnson, B. J., Simmonds, P., Shadwick, D., Anlauf, K., Hayden, K., Schmidlin, F., Fujimoto, T., Akagi, K., Meyer, C., Nichol, S., Davies, J., Redondas, A., and Cuevas, E.: Long-term changes in tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3156–3173, 2006. Omar, A. H., Won, J.-G., Winker, D. M., Yoon, S.-C., Dubovik, O., and McCormick, M. P.: Development of global aerosol models using cluster analysis of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S14, doi:10.1029/2004JD004874, 2005. Ordóñez, C., Mathis, H., Furger, M.,~Henne, S., Hüglin, C., Staehelin, J., and Prévôt, A S H.: Changes of daily surface ozone maxima in Switzerland in all seasons from 1992 to 2002 and discussion of summer 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1187–1203, 2005. Scheel, H. E., Areskoug, H., Geiß, H., Gomiscek, B., Granby, K., Haszpra, L., Klasinc, L., Kley, D., Laurila, T., Lindskog, A., Roemer, M., Schmitt, R., Simmonds, P., Solberg, S., and Toupance, G.: On the Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Lower-Troposphere Ozone over Europe, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 11–28, 1997. Scheel, H. E., Brunke, E.-G., and Seiler, W.: Trace Gas Measurements at the Monitoring Station Cape Point, South Africa, between 1978 and 1988, J. Atmos. Chem., 11, 197–210, 1990. Scheel, H. E.: Ozone Climatology Studies for the Zugspitze and Neighbouring Sites in the German Alps, TOR-2 Final Report, 134–139, 2003. Schuepbach, E., Friedli, T. K., Zanis, P., Monks, P. S., and Penkett, S. A.: State space analysis of changing seasonal ozone cycles (1988-1997) at Jungfraujoch (3580 m above sea level) in Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20 413, doi:2000JD900591, 2001. Tarasova, O. A., Elansky, N. F., Kuznetsov, G. I., Kuznetsova, I. N., and Senik, I. A.: Impact of air transport on seasonal variations and trends of surface ozone at Kislovodsk High Mountain stations, J. Atmos. Chem., 45, 245–259, 2003. Tropospheric Ozone Research (TOR-2): in: Towards Cleaner Air for Europe – Science, Tools and Applications, Part 2. Overviews from the Final Reports of the EUROTRAC-2 Subprojects, edited by: Midgley, P. M. and Reuther, M., Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, 2003. Tryon, R. C.: Cluster Analysis, Ann Arbor, MI, Edwards Brothers, 1939. Varotsos, C., Kondratyev, K. Ya., and Efstathiou, M.: On the seasonal variation of the surface ozone in Athens, Greece, Atmos. Environ.,~35(2), 315–320, 2001. Sunwoo, Y. and Carmichael, G. R.: Characteristics of background surface ozone in Japan, Atmos. Environ., 28(1), 25–37, 1994. Vingarzan, R.: A review of surface ozone background levels and trends, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3431–3442, 2004. Zvyagintsev, A. M.: Main periodicities of the temporal variability of the surface ozone in Europe, Meteorology and Hydrology, 10, 46–55, 2004.