<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-7-12417-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12417/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12417/2007/acpd-7-12417-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12417/2007/acpd-7-12417-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>12417</start_page>
	<end_page>12461</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-08-22</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Assessment of high to low frequency variations of isoprene emission rates using a neural network approach</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Boissard</name>
			<email>boissard@lisa.univ-paris12.fr</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>F. Chervier</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. L. Dutot</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR-CNRS 7583, Universités Paris 7 &amp; 12, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Using a statistical approach based on artificial neural networks, an
emission algorithm (ISO_LF) accounting for high (instantaneous) to low
(seasonal) frequency variations was developed for isoprene. ISO_LF was
optimised using an isoprene emission data base (ISO-DB) specifically
designed for this work. ISO-DB consists of 1321 emission rates collected in
the literature, together with 34 environmental variables, measured or
assessed using NCDC (National Climatic Data Center) or NCEP (National
Centers for Environmental Predictions) meteorological databases. ISO-DB
covers a large variety of emitters (25 species) and environmental conditions
(10&amp;deg; S to 60&amp;deg; N). When only instantaneous environmental regressors
(air temperature and photosynthetic active radiation, PAR) were used, a
maximum of 60% of the overall isoprene variability was assessed and the
highest emissions were underestimated. Considering a total of 9 high
(instantaneous) to low (up to 3 weeks) frequency regressors, ISO_LF
accounts for up to 91% of the isoprene emission variability, whatever the
emission range, species or climate. Diurnal and seasonal variations are
correctly reproduced for \textit{Ulex europaeus} with a maximum factor of discrepancy of 4. ISO-LF
was found to be mainly sensitive to air temperature cumulated over 3 weeks
T21 and to instantaneous light L0 and air temperature T0 variations. T21, T0
and L0 only accounts for 76% of the overall variability. The use of
ISO-LF for non stored monoterpene emissions was shown to give poor results.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Aleksender, I. and Morton, H.: An introduction to Neural Computing, Chapman and Hall, London, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Arey, J., Crowley, D. E., Crowlet, M., Resketo, M., and Lester, J.: Hydrocarbon emissions from natural vegetation in California&apos;s South Coast Air Basin, Atmos. Environ., 29 (21), 2977&amp;ndash;2988, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Arneth, A., Niinemets, Ü., Pressley, S., Bäck, J., Harri, P., Karl, T., Noe, S., Prentice, I. C., Serca, D., Hickler, T., Wolf, A., and Smith, B.: Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 31&amp;ndash;53, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Baker, B., Bai, J.-H., HJohnson, C., Cai, Z.-T., Li, Q.-J., Wang, Y.-F., Guenther, A. B., Greenberg, J., Klinger, L., Geron, C., and Rasmussen, R.: Wet and dry season ecosystem level fluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes from a southeast Asian secondary forest and rubber tree plantation, Atmos. Environ., 39, 381&amp;ndash;390, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Bassirirad, H.: Kinetics of nutrient uptake by roots: responses to global change, New Phytol., 147, 155&amp;ndash;169, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Bertin, N., Staudt, M., Hanse, U., Seufert, G., Ciccioli, P., Foster, P., Fugit, J.-L., and Torres, L.: Diurnal and seasonal course of monoterpene emissions from \textitQuercus ilex (L.) under natural conditions -Applications of light and temperature algorithms, Atmos. Environ., 31, 135&amp;ndash;144, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Bishop, C. M.: Neural networks for pattern recognition, 504 pp., Oxford University Press, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Boissard, C., Cao, X.-L., Juan, C.-Y., Hewitt, C. N., and Gallager, M.: Seasonal variations in VOC emission rates from gorse (\textitUlex europaeus), Atmos. Environ., 35, 917&amp;ndash;927, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Ciccioli, P., Fabozzi, C., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Frattoni, M., Loreto, F., Kesselmeier, J., Schäfer, L., Bode, K., Torres, L., and Fugit, J.-L.: Use if the isoprene algorithm for predicting the monoterpene emission from the Mediterranean holm oak \textitQuercus ilex L.: performance and limits of this approach, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23 319&amp;ndash;23 328, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Drewitt, G. B., Current, K., Steyn, D. G., Gillespie, T. J., and Niki, H.: Measurement of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation in the lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3457&amp;ndash;3466, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Dreyfus, G., Martinez, J.-M., Samuelides, M., and Thiria, S.: Réseaux de neurones: Méthodologie et applications, 386 pp., Eyrolles, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Fehsenfeld, F., Calvert, J., Fall, R., Goldan, P., Guenther, A. B., Hewitt, C. N., Lamb, B., Liu, S., Trainer, M., Westberg, H., and Zimmerman, P.: Emissions of volatile organic compounds, from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cyc., 96, 389&amp;ndash;430, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Fishbach, R. J., Staudt, M., Zimmer, I., Rambal, S., and Schnitzler, J.-P.: Seasonal pattern of monoterpene synthase activities in leaves of the evergreen tree \textitQuercus ilex, Physiol. Plant., 114, 354&amp;ndash;360, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Fuentes, J. D. and Wang, D.: On the seasonality of isoprene emissions from a mixed temperate forest, Ecolog. Applications, 9, 1118&amp;ndash;1131, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Fuentes, J. D., Wang, D., and Gu, L.: Seasonal variations in isoprene emissions from a Boreal aspen forest, J. Appl. Met., 38, 855&amp;ndash;869, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Geron, C. D., Guenther, A. B., Sharkey, T., and Arnts, R. R.: Temporal variability in basal isoprene emission factor, Tree Physiol., 20, 799&amp;ndash;805, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Goldstein, A. H., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., and Geron, C. D.: Seasonal course of isoprene emissions from a midlatitude deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 045&amp;ndash;31 056, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Guenther, A.: Seasonal and spatial variations in natural volatile organic compound emissions, Ecolog. Applications, 7, 34&amp;ndash;45, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Guenther, A. B., Karl, T., Harley, P. C., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C. D.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181&amp;ndash;3210, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P., and Wildermuth, M.: Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodland landscapes, Atmos. Environ., 28, 1197&amp;ndash;1210, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Guenther, A. B., Heiwtt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C. D., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., MacKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P. R.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873&amp;ndash;8892, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10 799&amp;ndash;10 808, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., and Harley, P. C.: Isoprene and monoterpenes emission rate variability : model evaluations and sensitivity analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12 609&amp;ndash;12 617, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Hakola, H., Laurila, T., Lindfors, V., and Hellen, H.: Variation of the VOC emission rates of birch species during the growing season, Boreal Env. Res., 6, 237&amp;ndash;249, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Hakola, H., Rinne, J., and Laurila, T.: The hydrocarbon emission rates of tea-leafed willow (\textitSalix phylicifolia), silver birch (\textitBetula pendula) and European aspen (\textitPopulus tremula), Atmos. Environ., 32, 1825&amp;ndash;1833, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Hansen, U., Van Eijk, J., Bertin, N., Staudt, M., Kotzias, D., Seufert, G., Fugit, J.-L., Torres, L., A. Cecinato, E. Brancaleoni, P. Ciccioli, and T. Bomboi: Biogenic emissions and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gas exchange investigated on four Mediterranean shrubs, Atmos. Environ., 31 SI, 157&amp;ndash;166, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Hanson, D. T. and Sharkey, T.: Effect of growth conditions on isoprene emission and other thermotolerance-enhancing compounds, Plant, Cell Environ., 24, 929&amp;ndash;936, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Harley, P. C., Guenther, A. B., and Zimmerman, P. R.: Environmental controls over isoprene emission in deciduous oak, Tree Physiol., 17, 705&amp;ndash;714, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Harrison, D., Hunter, M. C., Lewis, A. C., Seakins, P. W., Nunes, T. V., and Pio, C. A.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission from the coniferous species \textitAbies Borisii-regis &amp;ndash; implications for regional air chemistry in Greece, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4687&amp;ndash;4698, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> He, C., Murray, F., and Lyons, T.: Seasonal variations in monoterpene emissions from Eucalyptus species, Chemosphere: Global change science, 2, 65&amp;ndash;76, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Holzke, C., Hoffmann, T., Jaeger, L., Koppman, R., and Zimmer, W.: Diurnal and seasonal variation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions from Scots pine (\textitPinus sylvestris L.), Atmos. Environ., 40, 3174&amp;ndash;3185, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Janson, R.: Monoterpene emissions from Scots pine and Norwegian spruce, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2839&amp;ndash;2850, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Karl, T., Guenther, A. B., Spirig, C., Hansel, A., and Fall, R.: Seasonal variation of biogenic VOC emissions above a mixed hardwood forest in northern Michigan, Geophys. Res. Let., 30, 2186, doi:10.1029/2003GL018432, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Keller, M. and Lerdau, M.: Isoprene emission from tropical forest canopy leaves, Global Biogeochem. Cyc., 13, 19&amp;ndash;29, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Kempft, K., Allwine, E., Westberg, H., Claiborn, C., and Lamb, B.: Hydrocarbon emissions from spruce species using environmental chamber and branch enclosure methods, Atmospheric Environment, 30, 1381&amp;ndash;1389, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Kesselmeier, J., Bode, K., Hofman, U., Müller, H., Schäfer, L., Wolf, A., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Frattoni, M., Foster, P., Ferrari, C., Jacob, V., Fugit, J. L., Dutaur, L., Simon, V., and Torres, L.: Emissions of short chained organic acids, aldehydes and monoterpenes from \textitQuercus ilex L. and \textitPinus pinea L. in relation to physiological activities, carbon budget and emission algorithms., Atmos. Environ., 31 SI, 119&amp;ndash;133, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Kesselmeier, J., Bode, K., Schäfer, L., Schebeske, G., Wolf, A., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Ciccioli, P., Frattoni, M., Dutaur, L., Fugit, J. L., Simon, V., and Torres, L.: Simultaneous field measurements of terpene and isoprene emissions from two dominant Mediterranean oak species in relation to a north American species, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1947&amp;ndash;1953, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Kesselmeier, J., Ciccioli, P., Kuhn, U., Stefani, P., Biesenthal, T., Rottenberg, S., Wolf, A., Vitullo, M., Valentini, R., Nobre, A., Kabat, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Volatile organic compound emission in relation to plant carbon fixation and the terrestrial carbon budget, Global Biogeochem. Cyc., 16, 1126, doi:10.1029/2001GB001813, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Kim, J.-C.: Factors controlling natural VOC emissions in a southeastern US pine forest, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3279&amp;ndash;3292, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Komenda, M. and Koppman, R.: Monoterpene emissions from Scots pine (\textitPinus sylvestris): field studies of emission rate variabilities, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000691, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Kuhn, U., Rottenberg, S., Biesenthal, T., Wolf, A., Schbeske, G., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Tavares, M., and Kesselmeier, J.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions of Amazonian tree species during the wet season: direct and indirect investigations on controlling environmental functions, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8071, doi:10.1029/2001JD0009782002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Kuhn, U., Rottenberg, S., Biesenthal, T., Wolf, A., Schebeske, G., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Tavares, M., and Kesselmeier, J.: Seasonal differences in isoprene and light-dependent monoterpene emission by Amazonian tree species, Global Change Biology, 10, 1&amp;ndash;20, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Kullback, S.: On information and sufficiency, Anals of mathematical statistics, 22, 79&amp;ndash;86, 1951. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Gay, D., and Pierce, T.: A biogenic hydrocarbon emission inventory for the USA using a simple canopy model, Atmos. Environ., 27, 1673&amp;ndash;1690, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Lasseron, L.: Modélisation des variations basse fréquence des émissions d&apos;isoprène à l&apos;aide d&apos;un réseau de neurones artificiels, D.E.A. report, pp. 30, Paris 7 University, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Lehning, A., Zimmer, I., Steinbrecher, R., Brüggeman, N., and Schnitzler, J.-P.: Isoprene synthase activity and its relation to isoprene emission in \textitQuercus robur L. leaves, Plant Cell Env., 22, 494&amp;ndash;505, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Lehning, A., Zimmer, W., Zimmer, I., and Schnitzler, J.-P.: Modeling of annual variations of oak (\textitQuercus robur L.) isoprene synthase activity to predict isoprene emission rates, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3157&amp;ndash;3166, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Lerdau, M., Dilts, S. B., Westberg, H., Lamb, B. K., and Allwine, E. J.: Monoterpene emission from Ponderosa pine, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16 609&amp;ndash;16 615, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Litvak, M. E. and Monson, R. K.: Patterns of induced and constitutive monoterpene production in conifer needles in relation to insect herbivory, Oecologia, 114, 531&amp;ndash;540, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Llusià, J. and Pe&amp;ntilde;uelas, J.: Seasonal patterns of terpene content and emission from seven Mediterranean woody species in field conditions, Am. J. Bot., 87, 133&amp;ndash;140, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Monson, R. K., Harley, P. C., Litvak, M. E., Wildermuth, M., Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., and Fall, R.: Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emissions from aspen leaves, Oecologia, 99, 260&amp;ndash;270, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Müller, J.-F.: Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3787&amp;ndash;3804, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Nunes, T. V. and Pio, C. A.: Emission of volatile organic compounds from Portuguese eucalyptus forests, Chemosphere-Global Change Science, 3, 239&amp;ndash;248, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Nunez, L., Plaza, J., Perez-Pastor, R., Pujadas, M., Gimeno, B. S., Bermejo, B. S., and Garcia-Alonso, S.: High water vapour pressure deficit influence on \textitQuercus ilex and \textitPinus pinea field monoterpene emission in the central Iberian peninsula (Spain), Atmos. Environ., 36, 4441&amp;ndash;4452, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Ohta, K.: Diurnal and seasonal variations in isoprene emission from live oak, Geochem. J., 19, 269&amp;ndash;274, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Otter, L. B., Guenther, A. B., and Greenberg, J.: Seasonal and spatial variations in biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from southern African savannas and woodlands, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4265&amp;ndash;4275, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Owen, S., Boissard, C., Hagenlocher, B., and Hewitt, C. N.: Field studies of isoprene emissions from vegetation in the Northwest Mediterranean region, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25 499&amp;ndash;25 511, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Barron-Gafford, G., Monson, R. K., Malhi, Y., and Murthy, R.: The interacting effects of elevated atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration, drought and leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit on ecosystem isoprene fluxes, Oecologia, 146, 120&amp;ndash;129, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Bobich, E., Barron-Gafford, G., Grieve A., Malhi, Y., and Murphy, R.: Effect of elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration and vapour pressure deficit on isoprene emission from leaves of \textitPopulus deltoides during drought, Functional Plant Biology, 31, 1137&amp;ndash;1147, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Pe&amp;ntilde;uelas, J. and LLusia, J.: Seasonal emission of monoterpenes by the Mediterranean tree \textitQuercus ilex in field conditions: relations with photosynthetic rates, temperature and volatility, Physiol. Plant., 105, 641&amp;ndash;647, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Pe&amp;ntilde;uelas, J. and Llusià, J.: Seasonal patterns of non-terpenoid C6-C10 VOC emission from seven Mediterranean woody species, Chemosphere, 45, 237&amp;ndash;244, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Petron, G., Harley, P. C., Greenberg, J., and Guenther, A. B.: Seasonal temperature variations influence isoprene emission, Geophys. Res. Let., 28, 1707&amp;ndash;1710, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Pier, P. A.: Isoprene emission rates from northern red oak using a whole-tree chamber, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1347&amp;ndash;1353, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Pier, P. A. and McDuffie, C. J.: Seasonal isoprene emission rates and model comparisons using whole-tree emissions from oak, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23 963&amp;ndash;23 971, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Poisson, N., Kanakidou, M., and Crutzen, P. J.: Impact of non-methane hydrocarbons on tropospheric chemistry and the oxidizing power of the global troposphere, J.A.C., 36, 157&amp;ndash;230, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Pressley, S., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Guenther, A. B., Chen, J., and Allwine, E.: Monoterpene emissions from a Pacific Northwest Old-Growth Forest and impact on regional biogenic VOC emission rates, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3089&amp;ndash;3098, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Pressley, S., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., and Vogel, C.: Relationships among canopy scale energy fluxes and isoprene flux derived from long-term, seasonal eddy covariance measurements over a hardwood forest, Agricul. Forest Met., 136, 188&amp;ndash;202, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Rapparini, F., Baraldi, R., and Facini, O.: Seasonal variation of monoterpene emission from \textitMalus domestica and \textitPrunus avium, Phytochemistry, 57, 681&amp;ndash;687, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Sabillon, D. and Cremades, L. V.: Diurnal and seasonal variation of monoterpene emission rates for two typical Mediterranean species (\textitPinus pinea and \textitQuercus ilex) from field measurements - relationship with temperature and PAR, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4419&amp;ndash;4431, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Sanderson, M. G., Jones, C. D., Collins, W. J., Johnson, C. E., and Derwent, R. G.: Effects of climate change on isoprene emissions and surface ozone levels, Geophys. Res. Let., 30, 1936, doi:10.1029/2003GL017642, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> Schade, G. W. and Goldstein, A. H.: Seasonal measurements of acetone and methanol: abundances and implications for atmospheric budgets, Global Biogeochem. Cyc., 20, GB1011, doi:10.1029/2005GB002566, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Schnitzler, J.-P., Lehning, A., and Steinbrecher, R.: Seasonal pattern of isoprene synthase activity in \textitQuercus robur leaves and its significance for modelling isoprene emission rates, Bot. Acta, 100, 240&amp;ndash;243, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Sharkey, T., Singsaas, E. L., Lerdau, M., and Geron, C. D.: Weather effects on isoprene emission capacity and applications in emissions algorithms, Ecol. Appl., 9, 1132&amp;ndash;1137, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Sharkey, T. D. and Loreto, F.: Water stress, temperature and light effects on the capacity for isoprene emission and photosynthesis of kudzu leaves, Oecologia, 95, 328&amp;ndash;333, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> Simon, V., Clement, B., Riba, M.-L., and Torres, L.: The Landes experiment: monoterpenes emitted from the maritime pine, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16 501&amp;ndash;16 510, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> Simon, V., Dutaur, L., Brouard-Darmais, S., Riba, M. L., and Torres, L.: Biogenic emission by oak trees common to Mediterranean ecosystems, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 52, 131&amp;ndash;139, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Simpson, D.: Biogenic emissions in Europe 2. Implications for ozone control strategies, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22 891&amp;ndash;22 906, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="78" content_type="text"> Staudt, M., Bertin, N., Frenzel, B., and Seufert, G.: Seasonal variation in amount and composition of monoterpenes emitted by young \textitPinus pinea trees &amp;ndash; Implications for emission modeling, J.A.C., 35, 77&amp;ndash;99, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="79" content_type="text"> Staudt, M., Bertin, N., Hansen, U., Seufert, G., Cicciolo, P., Foster, P., Frenzel, B., and Fugit, J.-L.: Seasonal and diurnal patterns of monoterpene emissions from \textitPinus pinea (L.) under field conditions, Atmos. Environ., 31 SI, 145&amp;ndash;156, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="80" content_type="text"> Staudt, M., Mandl, N., Joffre, R., and Rambal, S.: Intraspecific variability of monoterpene composition emitted by \textitQuercus ilex leaves, Can. J. Forest. Res., 31, 174&amp;ndash;180, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="81" content_type="text"> Steinbrecher, R., Hauff, K., Rabong, R., and Steinbrecher, J.: Isoprenoid emission of oak species typical for the Mediterranean area: source strength and controlling variables, Atmos. Environ., 31 SI, 79&amp;ndash;88, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="82" content_type="text"> Steinbrecher, R., Klauer, M., Hauff, K., Stockwell, W. R., Jaesche, W., Dietrich, T., and Herbert, F.: Biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons over an urban-impacted forest, Franckfurter Stadtwald, Germany, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3779&amp;ndash;3788, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="83" content_type="text"> Stoppiglia, H.: Méthodes statistiques de sélection des modèles neuronaux; applications financières et bancaires, Doctorat in Physics, Electronic and Industrial physics and chemistry, 160 pp., Paris 6 University, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="84" content_type="text"> Street, R., Duckham, C., and Hewitt, C. N.: Laboratory and field studies of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from Sitka spruce (\textitPicea sitchensis Bong.) in the United Kingdom, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22 799&amp;ndash;22 806, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="85" content_type="text"> Street, R., Owen, S., Duckham, C., Boissard, C., and Hewitt, C. N.: Effect of habitat and age on variations in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from \textitQuercus ilex and \textitPinus pinea, Atmos. Environ., 31 SI, 89&amp;ndash;100, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="86" content_type="text"> Tingey, D. T., Manning, M., Grothaus, L. C., and Burns, W. F.: The influence of light and temperature on isoprene emissions from live oak, Physiol. Plant., 47, 112&amp;ndash;118, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="87" content_type="text"> Villanueva-Fierro, I., Popp, C. J., and Martin, R. S.: Biogenic emissions and ambient concentrations of hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds and organic acids from ponderosa pine and cottonwood trees at rural and forested sites in Central New Mexico, Atmos. Environ., 38, 249&amp;ndash;260, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="88" content_type="text"> White, H.: Artificial Neural Network, Blackwell, New York, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="89" content_type="text"> Wiberley, A. E., Linksey, A. R., Falbiel, T. G., and Sharkey, T. D.: Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu, Plant, Cell Environ., 28, 898&amp;ndash;905, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="90" content_type="text"> Xiaoshan, Z., Yujing, M., Wenshi, S., and Yahui, Z.: Seasonal variations of isoprene emissions from deciduous trees, Atmos. Environ. 34, 3027&amp;ndash;3032, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="91" content_type="text"> Yatagai, M., Ohira, M., Ohira, T., and Nagai, S.: Seasonal variations of terpene emission from trees and influence of temperature, light and contact stimulation on terpene emission, Chemosphere, 30, 1137&amp;ndash;1149, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="92" content_type="text"> Yokouchi, Y., Hijikata, A., and Ambe, Y.: Seasonal variation of monoterpene emission rate in a pine forest, Chemosphere, 13, 255&amp;ndash;259, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="93" content_type="text"> Zimmer, W., Brüggeman, N., Emeis, S., Giersch, C., Lehning, A., Steinbrecher, R., and Schnitzler, J.-P.: Process-based modelling of isoprene emission by oak leaves, Plant Cell Env., 23, 585&amp;ndash;595, 2000. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

