<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-7-12381-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12381/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12381/2007/acpd-7-12381-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/12381/2007/acpd-7-12381-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>12381</start_page>
	<end_page>12415</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-08-22</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Optical particle counter measurement of marine aerosol hygroscopic growth</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. R. Snider</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2">
			<name>M. D. Petters</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">University of Wyoming, Department of Atmospheric Science, Dept. 3038, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, 1371 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1371, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A technique is developed for the determination of the hygroscopic growth
factor of dry particles with diameter between 0.3 and 0.6 &amp;micro;m and is
applied to measurements made during the second Dynamics and Chemistry of
Marine Stratocumulus experiment. Two optical particle counters are utilized,
one measures the aerosol size spectrum at ambient relative humidity and the
other simultaneously dries the aerosol prior to light scattering detection.
Growth factors are based on measurements made in the region of the Mie
scattering curve where scattered light intensity increases monotonically
with dry and wet particle diameter, i.e. &lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt;0.9 &amp;micro;m. Factors
influencing the accuracy of the measurement are evaluated, including
particle drying, refractive index and shape. Growth factors at 90&amp;plusmn;3%
ambient relative humidity in marine airmasses 400 km west of San Diego,
California range between 1.5 and 1.8. This suggests that a significant
fraction of the particle mass, between 40 and 70%, is either
non-hygroscopic or weakly hygroscopic.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Baumgardner, D., Dye, J. E., Gandrud, G. B., and Knollenberg, R. G.: Interpretation of measurements made by the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP-300) during the airborne arctic stratospheric expedition, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D8), 8035&amp;ndash;8046, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Berg, O. H., Swietlicki, E., and Krejci, R.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer over the Pacific and Southern Oceans during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res., 103(D13), 16 535&amp;ndash;16 545, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Boucher, O. and Anderson, T. L.: General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D12), 26 117&amp;ndash;26 134, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Brechtel, F. J. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Predicting particle critical supersaturation from hygroscopic growth measurements in the humidified TDMA. part I: Theory and sensitivity studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 57(12), 1854&amp;ndash;1871, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Clarke, A. D., Howell, S., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Ogren, J. A., Andrews, E., Jefferson, A., Maßling, A., Mayol-Bracero, O., Maring, H., Savoie, D., and Cass, G.: INDOEX aerosol: A comparison and summary of chemical microphysical, and optical properties observed from land, ship, and aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 8033, doi:10.1029/2001JD000572, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Collins, D. R., Jonsson, H. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Gasso, S., Hegg, D. A., Russell, P. B., Schmid, B., Livingston, J. M., Ostrom, E., Noone, K. J., Russell, L. M., and Putaud, J. P.: In situ aerosol-size distributions and clear-column radiative closure during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52(2), 498&amp;ndash;525, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Feingold, G. and Morley, B.: Aerosol hygroscopic properties as measured by lidar and comparisons with in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D11), 4327, doi:10.1029/2002JD002842, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Fenn, R. W. and Oser, H.: Scattering Properties of Concentric Soot-Water Spheres for Visible and Infrared Light, Appl. Opt., 4(11), 1504&amp;ndash;1509, 1965. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Guibert, S., Snider, J. R., and Brenguier, J.-L.: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 1. Measurement validation for a closure study, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), D8628, doi:10.1029/2002JD002678, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., Crahan, K. K., Jonsson, H. H., and Liu, Y.: Measurements of aerosol size-resolved hygroscopicity at sub and supermicron sizes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(21), L21808, doi:10.1029/2006GL026747, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Hitzenberger, R., Berner, A., Dusek, U., and Alabashi, R.: Humidity-dependent growth of size-segregated aerosol samples, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 116&amp;ndash;130, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Huebert, B. J., Howell, S. G., Covert, D., Bertram, T., Clarke, A. D., Anderson, J. R., Lafleur, B. G., Seebaugh, W. R., Wilson, J. C., Gesler, D., Blomquist, B., and Fox, J.: PELTI: Measuring the passing efficiency of an airborne low turbulence aerosol inlet, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 803&amp;ndash;826, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Jonsson, H. H., Wilson, J. C., Brock, C. A., Knollenberg, R. G., Newton, R., Dye, J. E., Baumgardner, D., Borrmann, S., Ferry, G. V., Pueschel, R., Woods, D. C., and Pitts, M. C.: Performance of a Focused Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer for Measurements in the Stratosphere of Particle-Size in the 0.06&amp;ndash;2.0-Mu-M-Diameter Range, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 12(1), 115&amp;ndash;129, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Kreidenweis, S. M., Koehler, K., DeMott, P. J., Prenni, A. J., Carrico, C., and Ervens, B.: Water activity and activation diameters from hygroscopicity data &amp;ndash; Part I: Theory and application to inorganic salts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1357&amp;ndash;1370, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Liu, P. S. K., Leaitch, W. R., Strapp, J. W., and Wasey, M. A.: Response of particle measurement systems airborne ASASP and PCASP to NaCl and latex particles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 16(2), 83&amp;ndash;95, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Marcolli, C., Luo, B. P., and Peter, T.: Mixing of the organic aerosol fractions: Liquids as the thermodynamically stable phases, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108(12), 2216&amp;ndash;2224, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Martin, S. T.: Phase transitions of aqueous atmospheric particles, Chem. Rev., 100(9), 3403&amp;ndash;3453, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Massling, A., Stock, M., and Wiedensohler, A.: Diurnal, weekly, and seasonal variation of hygroscopic properties of submicrometer urban aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 39(21), 3911&amp;ndash;3922, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O&apos;Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593&amp;ndash;2649, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> McInnes, L. M., Covert, D. S., Quinn, P. K., and Germani, M. S.: Measurements of Chloride Depletion and Sulfur Enrichment in Individual Sea-Salt Particles Collected from the Remote Marine Boundary-Layer, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D4), 8257&amp;ndash;8268, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> McMurry, P. H. and Stolzenburg, M. R.: On the Sensitivity of Particle-Size to Relative-Humidity for Los-Angeles Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 23(2), 497&amp;ndash;507, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Mertes, S., Lehmann, K., Nowak, A., Massling, A., and Wiedensohler, A.: Link between aerosol hygroscopic growth and droplet activation observed for hill-capped clouds at connected flow conditions during FEBUKO, Atmos. Environ., 39(23&amp;ndash;24), 4247&amp;ndash;4256, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Nilsson, E. D., Rannik, U., Swietlicki, E., Leck, C., Aalto, P. P., Zhou, J., and Norman, M.: Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the Arctic Ocean 2. Wind-driven sources from the sea, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32 139&amp;ndash;32 154, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> O&apos;Dowd, C. D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y. J., and Putaud, J.-P.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676&amp;ndash;680, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Parsons, M. T., Knopf, D. A., and Bertram, A. K.: Deliquescence and crystallization of ammonium sulfate particles internally mixed with water-soluble organic compounds, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108(52), 11 600&amp;ndash;11 608, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Petters, M. D.: Cloud Condensation Nuclei: Measurement, Prediction and Effects on Remote Marine Stratocumulus Clouds, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wyoming, p 106, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961&amp;ndash;1971, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Petters, M. D., Snider, J. R., Stevens, B., Vali, G., Faloona, I., and Russell, L. M.: Accumulation mode aerosol, pockets of open cells, and particle nucleation in the remote subtropical Pacific marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 111(D2), D02206, doi:10.1029/2004JD005694, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Miller, T. L., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E., Harris, J. M., Ogren, J. A., Forbes, G., Anderson, T. L., Covert, D. S., and Rood, M. J.: Surface submicron aerosol chemical composition: What fraction is not sulfate?, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D5), 6785&amp;ndash;6805, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Rissler, J., Vestin, A., Swietlicki, E., Fisch, G., Zhou, J., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Size distribution and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles from dry-season biomass burning in Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 471&amp;ndash;491, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Rood, M. J., Shaw, M. A., Larson, T. V., and Covert, D. S.: Ubiquitous Nature of Ambient Metastable Aerosol, Nature, 337(6207), 537&amp;ndash;539, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Santarpia, J. L., Li, R., and Collins, D. R.: Direct measurement of the hydration state of ambient aerosol populations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18209, doi:10.1029/2004JD004653, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A. D., Howell, S. G., Kapustin, V. N., and Huebert, B. J.: Sea-salt vertical profiles over the Southern and tropical Pacific oceans: Microphysics, optical properties, spatial variability, and variations with wind speed, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D24), D24201, doi:10.1029/2004JD004975, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Snider, J. R., Guibert, S., Brenguier, J. L., and Putaud, J. P.: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. Kohler and parcel theory closure studies, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 8629, doi:10.1029/2002JD002692, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Stevens, B., Lenshow, D. H., Vali, G., Gerber, H., Bandy, A., Blomquist, B., Brenguier, J.-L., Bretherton, C. S., Burnet, F., Campos, T., Chai, S., Faloona, I., Friesen, D., Haimov, S., Laursen, K., Lilly, D. K., Loehrer, S. M., Malinowski, S. P., Morely, B., Petters, M. D., Rogers, D. C., Russell, L. M., Savic-Jovcic, V., Snider, J. R., Straub, D., Szumowski, M., Takagi, H., Thorton, D. C., Tschudi, M., Twohy, C. H., Wetzel, M., and van Zanten, M. C.: Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus &amp;ndash; DYCOMS-II, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 83, 579&amp;ndash;593, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Stolzenburg, M., Kreisberg, N., and Hering, S.: Atmospheric size distributions measured by differential mobility optical particle size spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29(5), 402&amp;ndash;418, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Strapp, J. W., Leaitch, W. R., and Liu, P. S. K.: Hydrated and dried aerosol-size-distribution measurements from Particle Measuring Systems FSSP-300 probe and deiced PCASP-100X probe, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9(5), 548&amp;ndash;555, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Svenningsson, B., Hansson, H. C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K., Ogren, J., Hallberg, A., and Colvile, R.: Hygroscopic Growth of Aerosol-Particles and Its Influence on Nucleation Scavenging in-Cloud &amp;ndash; Experimental Results from Kleiner-Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem., 19(1&amp;ndash;2), 129&amp;ndash;152, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Svenningsson, B., Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Mircea, M., Bilde, M., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Zhou, J., Monster, J., and Rosenorn, T.: Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1937&amp;ndash;1952, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Covert, D. S., Hämeri, K., Busch, B., Väkevä, M., Dusek, U., Berg, O. H., Wiedensohler, A., Aalto, P. P., Mäkelä, J., Martinsson, B. J., Papaspiropoulos, G., Mentes, B., Göran, F., and Stratmann, F.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles in the north-eastern Atlantic during ACE-2, Tellus, 52B, 201&amp;ndash;227, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Tang, I. N.: Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols on light scattering coefficients, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D14), 19 245&amp;ndash;19 250, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Tang, I. N. and Munkelwitz, H. R.: Water Activities, Densities, and Refractive-Indexes of Aqueous Sulfates and Sodium-Nitrate Droplets of Atmospheric Importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D9), 18 801&amp;ndash;18 808, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Tur&amp;#x0161;i&amp;#x010D;, J., Podkraj&amp;#x0161;ek, B., Grgi&amp;#x0107;, I., Ctyroky, P., Berner, A., Dusek, U., and Hitzenberger, R.: Chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of size-segregated aerosol particles collected at the Adriatic coast of Slovenia, Chemosphere, 63, 1193&amp;ndash;1202, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> van Zanten, M. C., Stevens, B., Vali, G., and Lenshow, D. H.: Observations of drizzle in nocturnal marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 88&amp;ndash;106, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Weber, R. J., Clarke, A. D., Litchy, M., Kok, L. J. G., Schillawski, R. D., and McMurry, P. H.: Spurious aerosol measurements when sampling from aircraft in the vicinity of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28 337&amp;ndash;28 346, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Wulfmeyer, V. and Feingold, G.: On the relationship between relative humidity and particle backscattering coefficient in the marine boundary layer determined with differential absorption lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D4), 4729&amp;ndash;4741, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Young, H. D: Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1962. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Zhou, J., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Aalto, P. P., Hämeri, K., Nilsson, E. D., and Leck, C.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles over the central Arctic Ocean during summer, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 32 111&amp;ndash;32 124, 2001. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

