<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-7-11725-2007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The impact of mixing across the polar vortex edge on Match ozone loss estimates</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Grooß</surname>
<given-names>J.-U.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Müller</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Konopka</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Steinhorst</surname>
<given-names>H.-M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Engel</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Möbius</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Volk</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Chemie und  Dynamik der Geosphäre, ICG-1: Stratosphäre, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt,  Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>09</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>11725</fpage>
<lpage>11759</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11725/2007/acpd-7-11725-2007.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11725/2007/acpd-7-11725-2007.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11725/2007/acpd-7-11725-2007.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11725/2007/acpd-7-11725-2007.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The Match method for quantification of polar chemical ozone loss is
investigated mainly with respect to the impact of mixing across the
vortex edge onto this estimate.
We show for the winter 2002/03 that significant mixing across the
vortex edge occurred and was accurately modeled by the Chemical
Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere.  Observations of inert tracers
and ozone in-situ from HAGAR on the Geophysica aircraft and sondes
and also remote from MIPAS on ENVISAT were reproduced well. The
model even reproduced a small vortex remnant that was isolated until
June 2003 and was observed in-situ by a balloon-borne whole air
sampler.
We use this CLaMS simulation to quantify the impact of cross vortex
edge mixing on the results of the Match method.
It is shown that a time integration of the determined vortex average
ozone loss rates as performed in Match results in larger ozone loss
than the polar vortex average ozone loss in CLaMS.
Also, the determination of the Match ozone loss rates can be
influenced by mixing.  This is especially important below 430 K,
where ozone outside the vortex is lower than inside and the vortex
boundary is not a strong transport barrier.  This effect and further
sampling effects cause an offset between vortex average ozone loss
rates derived from Match and deduced from CLaMS with an even
sampling for the entire vortex.
Both, the time-integration of ozone loss and the determination of
ozone loss rates for Match are evaluated using the winter 2002/03
CLaMS simulation.  These impacts can explain the differences between
CLaMS and Match column ozone loss.
While the investigated effects somewhat reduce the apparent
discrepancy in January ozone loss rates, a discrepancy between
simulations and Match remains. However, its contribution to the
accumulated ozone loss over the winter is not large.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="35"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Becker, G., Müller, R., McKenna, D. S., Rex, M., and Carslaw, K. S.: Ozone loss rates in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter 1991/92: Model calculations compared with Match results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4325&amp;ndash;4328, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Becker, G., Müller, R., McKenna, D. S., Rex, M., Carslaw, K. S., and Oelhaf, H.: Ozone loss rates in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter 1994/1995: Model simulations underestimate results of the Match analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15 175&amp;ndash;15 184, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Burkholder, J. B., Orlando, J. J., and Howard, C. J.: Ultraviolet Absorption Cross Section of Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; between 210 and 410 nm, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 687&amp;ndash;695, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chipperfield, M. P., Feng, W., and Rex, M.: Arctic ozone loss and climate sensitivity: Updated three-dimensional model study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11813, \doi10.1029/2005GL022674, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Christensen, T., Knudsen, B. M., Streibel, M., Anderson, S. B., Benesova, A., Braathen, G., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Gerding, M., Gil, M., Henchoz, B., Kelder, H., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Moore, D., Peters, G., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Turunen, T., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Vik, A. F., von~der Gathen, P., and Zaitcev, I.: Vortex-averaged Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2002/2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 131&amp;ndash;138, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Douglass, A. R., Stolarski, R. S., Strahan, S. E., and Polansky, B. C.: Sensitivity of Arctic ozone loss to polar stratospheric cloud volume and chlorine and bromine loading in a chemistry and transport model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17809, \doi10.1029/2006GL026492, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Frieler, K., Rex, M., Salawitch, R. J., Canty, T., Streibel, M., Stimpfle, R. M., Pfeilsticker, K., Dorf, M., Weisenstein, D. K., and Godin-Beekmann, S.: Toward a better quantitative understanding of polar stratospheric ozone loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10812, \doi10.1029/2005GL025466, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Goutail, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Lefèvre, F., Roozendael, M. V., Andersen, S. B., K&amp;aring;stad-Høiskar, B.-A., Dorokhov, V., Kyrö, E., Chipperfield, M. P., and Feng, W.: Early unusual ozone loss during the Arctic winter 2002/2003 compared to other winters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 665&amp;ndash;677, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grooß, J.-U. and Müller, R.: The impact of mid-latitude intrusions into the polar vortex on ozone loss estimates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 395&amp;ndash;402, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grooß, J.-U. and Müller, R.: Simulation of ozone loss in Arctic winter 2004/2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05804, \doi10.1029/2006GL028901, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grooß, J.-U. and Russell, J. M.: Technical note: A stratospheric climatology for O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, HCl and HF derived from HALOE measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2797&amp;ndash;2807, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Konopka, P., Bausch, S., Schlager, H., Voigt, C., Volk, C. M., and Toon, G. C.: Simulation of denitrification and ozone loss for the Arctic winter 2002/2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1437&amp;ndash;1448, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Harris, N. R. P., Rex, M., Goutail, F., Knudsen, B. M., Manney, G. L., Müller, R., and von~der Gathen, P.: Comparison of empirically derived ozone loss rates in the Arctic vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8264, \doi10.1029/2001JD000482, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Konopka, P., Steinhorst, H.-M., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Elkins, J. W., Jost, H.-J., Richard, E., Schmidt, U., Toon, G., and McKenna, D. S.: Mixing and Ozone Loss in the 1999-2000 Arctic Vortex: Simulations with the 3-dimensional Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02315, \doi10.1029/2003JD003792, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lait, L. R.: An alternative form for potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1754&amp;ndash;1759, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McKenna, D. S., Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Spang, R., Offermann, D., and Orsolini, Y.: A new Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS): 1. Formulation of advection and mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4309, \doi10.1029/2000JD000114, 2002a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McKenna, D. S., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Konopka, P., Müller, R., Carver, G., and Sasano, Y.: A new Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS): 2. Formulation of chemistry scheme and initialization, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4256, \doi10.1029/2000JD000113, 2002b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Möbius, T.: Untersuchungen zu Unterschieden in Tracer-Tracer Korrelationen innerhalb und auß erhalb des arktischen Polarwirbels, Diploma Thesis, University of Frankfurt, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Morcrette, J.-J.: Radiation and Cloud Radiative Properties in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Forecasting System, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121&amp;ndash;9132, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Müller, R., Schmidt, U., Engel, A., McKenna, D. S., and Proffitt, M. H.: The O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;/N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O relationship from balloon-borne observations as a measure of Arctic ozone loss in 1991&amp;ndash;1992, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1389&amp;ndash;1412, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Müller, R., Tilmes, S., Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., and Jost, H.-J.: Impact of mixing and chemical change on ozone-tracer relations in the polar vortex, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3139&amp;ndash;3151, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nash, E. R., Newman, P. A., Rosenfield, J. E., and Schoeberl, M. R.: An objective determination of the polar vortex using Ertel&apos;s potential vorticity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9471&amp;ndash;9478, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Naujokat, B. and Grunow, K.: The stratospheric arctic winter 2002/03: Balloon flight planning by trajectory calculation., in: Proceedings of the 16th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, ESA SP-530, pp.421&amp;ndash;425, St. Gallen, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pope, F. D., Hansen, J. C., Bayes, K. D., Friedl, R. R., and Sander, S. P.: Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of Chlorine Peroxide, ClOOCl, J. Phys. Chem. A, 20, 4322&amp;ndash;4332, \doi10.1021/jp067660w, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P. A., Dutton, G. S., and Fahey, D. W.: Descent and mixing in the 1999&amp;ndash;2000 northern polar vortex inferred from in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8285, \doi10.1029/2001JD000961, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rex, M., Salawitch, R. J., Santee, M. L., Waters, J. W., Hoppel, K., and Bevilacqua, R.: On the unexplained stratospheric ozone losses during cold Arctic Januaries, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1010, \doi10.1029/2002GL016008, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rex, M., Salawitch, R. J., von~der Gathen, P., Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., and Naujokat, B.: Arctic ozone loss and climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04116, \doi10.1029/2003GL018844, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rex, M., Salawitch, R. J., Deckelmann, H., von~der Gathen, P., Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., Reimer, E., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bevilacqua, R., Braathen, G. O., Claude, H., Davies, J., De~Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Hoppel, K., Johnson, B., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Nakane, H., Parrondo, M. C., Risley Jr., A. D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., and Zerefos, C.: Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23808, \doi10.1029/2006GL026731, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Moortgat, G. K., Keller-Rudek, H., Wine, P. H., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., Molina, M. J., Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Huie, R. E., and Orkin, V. L.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies, JPL Publication 06-2, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schmidt, U., Kulessa, G., Klein, E., Röth, E.-P., Fabian, P., and Borchers, R.: Intercomparison of balloon-borne cryogenic whole air samplers during the MAP/GLOBUS 1983 campaign, Planet. Space Sci., 35, 647&amp;ndash;656, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stefanutti, L., McKenzie, A. R., Santacesaria, V., Adriani, A., Balestri, S., Borrmann, S., Khattatov, V., Mazzinghi, P., Mitev, V., Rudakov, V., Schiller, C., Toci, G., Volk, C. M., Yushkov, V., Flentje, H., Kiemle, C., Redaelli, G., Carslaw, K. S., Noone, K., and Peter, T.: The APE-THESEO Tropical Campaign: An Overview, J. Atmos. Chem., 48, 1&amp;ndash;33, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Steinhorst, H.-M., Konopka, P., Günther, G., and Müller, R.: How permeable is the edge of the Arctic vortex &amp;ndash; Model studies of the winter 1999&amp;ndash;2000, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06105, \doi10.1029/2004JD005268, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Streibel, M., Rex, M., von~der Gathen, P., Lehmann, R., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Deckelmann, H., Chipperfield, M., Millard, G., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., and Yushkov, V.: Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2783&amp;ndash;2792, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tilmes, S., Müller, R., Grooß, J.-U., Höpfner, M., Toon, G. C., and Russell, J. M.: Very early chlorine activation and ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002&amp;ndash;2003, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2201, \doi10.1029/2003GL018079, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tripathi, O. P., Godin-Beekmann, S., Levèvre, F., Pazmino, A., Hauchecorne, A., Chipperfield, M., Feng, W., Millard, G., Rex, M., Streibel, M., and von~der Gathen, P.: Comparison of polar ozone loss rates simulated by 1-D and 3-D models with Match observations in recent Antarctic and Arctic winters, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12308, \doi10.1029/2006JD008370, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vogel, B., Feng, W., Streibel, M., and Müller, R.: The potential impact of ClO$_\mathrmx$ radical complexes on polar stratospheric ozone loss processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3099&amp;ndash;3114, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> von Hobe, M., Salawitch, R. J., Canty, T., Keller-Rudek, H., Moortgat, G. K., Grooß, J.-U., Müller, R., and Stroh, F.: Understanding the kinetics of the ClO dimer cycle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3055&amp;ndash;3069, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> WMO: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 50, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>