<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-7-10687-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/10687/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/10687/2007/acpd-7-10687-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/10687/2007/acpd-7-10687-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>10687</start_page>
	<end_page>10742</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-07-24</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Design of and initial results from a highly instrumented reactor for atmospheric chemistry (HIRAC)</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>D. R. Glowacki</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. Goddard</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>K. Hemavibool</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>T. L. Malkin</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>R. Commane</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>F. Anderson</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>W. J. Bloss</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="1">
			<name>D. E. Heard</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="9" affiliations="1">
			<name>T. Ingham</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="10" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. J. Pilling</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="11" affiliations="1">
			<name>P. W. Seakins</name>
			<email>p.w.seakins@leeds.ac.uk</email>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">now at: the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Egbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The design of a Highly Instrumented Reactor for Atmospheric Chemistry
(HIRAC) is described and initial results obtained from HIRAC are presented.
The ability of HIRAC to perform in-situ laser-induced fluorescence detection
of OH and HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; radicals with the Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion
(FAGE) technique establishes it as internationally unique for a chamber of
its size and pressure/temperature variable capabilities. In addition to
the FAGE technique, HIRAC features a suite of analytical instrumentation,
including: a multipass FTIR system; a conventional gas chromatography (GC)
instrument and a GC instrument for formaldehyde detection; and NO/NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,
CO, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O vapour analysers. Ray tracing simulations and
measurements of the blacklamp flux have been utilized to develop a detailed
model of the radiation field within HIRAC. Comparisons between the analysers
and the FTIR coupled to HIRAC have been performed, and HIRAC has also been
used to investigate pressure dependent kinetics of the chlorine atom
reaction with ethene and the reaction of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;  and t-2-butene. The results
obtained are in good agreement with literature recommendations and Master
Chemical Mechanism predictions. HIRAC thereby offers a highly instrumented
platform with the potential for: (1) high precision kinetics investigations
over a range of atmospheric conditions; (2) detailed mechanism development,
significantly enhanced according to its capability for measuring radicals;
and (3) field instrument intercomparison, calibration, development, and
investigations of instrument response under a range of atmospheric conditions.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Akimoto, H., Hoshino, M., Inoue, G., Sakamaki, F., Washida, N., and Okuda, M.: Design and characterization of the evacuable and bakable photochemical smog chamber, Environ. Sci. Tech., 13(4), 471&amp;ndash;475, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Atkinson, R. and Aschmann, S. M.: Kinetics of the gas phase reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of organics at 296+-2 K and atmospheric pressure, Int. J. Chem. Kin., 17(1), 33&amp;ndash;41, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Bailey, A. E., Heard, D. E., Paul, P. H., and Pilling, M. J.: Collisional quenching of OH (A 2S+, n&apos;=0) N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; between 204 and 294 K: Implications for atmospheric measurements of OH by laser-induced fluorescence, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday T., 93(16), 2915&amp;ndash;2920, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Dommen, J., Paulsen, D., Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Fisseha, R., Gascho, A., Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Prevot, A. S. H., Sjogren, S., Weingartner, E., and Zenobi, R.: Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, Faraday Discuss., 130, 265&amp;ndash;278, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Barnes, I., Becker, K. H., and Mihalopoulos, N.: An FTIR Product Study of the Photooxidation of Dimethyl Disulfide, J. Atmos. Chem., 18(3), 267&amp;ndash;289, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Becker, K. H.: EUPHORE, The European Photoreactor. The construction and operation of an outdoor smog chamber in Valencia for studying mechanisms of photochemical processes and their modeling in the polluted air of different European regions. Design and technical development of the European photoreactor and first experimental results. Final Report, DG 12 contract EV5V-CT92-0059, Brussels, European Community, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Bernstein, H. J. and Herzberg, J.: Rotation-Vibration Spectra of Diatomic and Simple Polyatomic Molecules with Long Absorbing Paths, J. Chem. Phys., 16(30), 30&amp;ndash;39, 1948. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Bloss, C., Wagner, V., Bonzanini, A., Jenkin, M. E., Wirtz, K., Martin-Reviejo, M., and Pilling, M. J.: &quot;Evaluation of detailed aromatic mechanisms (MCMv3 and MCMv3.1) against environmental chamber data&quot;, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(3), 623&amp;ndash;639, 2005a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Bloss, C., Wagner, V., Jenkin, M. E., Volkamer, R., Bloss, W. J., Lee, J. D., Heard, D. E., Wirtz, K., Martin-Reviejo, M., Rea, G., Wenger, J. C., and Pilling, M. J.: Development of a detailed chemical mechanism (MCMv3.1) for the atmospheric oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(3), 641&amp;ndash;664, 2005b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Bloss, W. J., Gravestock, T. J., Heard, D. E., Ingham, T., Johnson, G. P., and Lee, J. D.: Application of a compact all solid-state laser system to the in situ detection of atmospheric OH, HO2, NO and IO by laser-induced fluorescence, J. Environ. Monitor., 5(1), 21&amp;ndash;28, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Bohn, B., Rohrer, F., Brauers, T., and Wahner, A.: Actinometric measurements of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; photolysis frequencies in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(2), 493&amp;ndash;503, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Bohn, B. and Zilken, H.: Model-aided radiometric determination of photolysis frequencies in a sunlit atmosphere simulation chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(1), 191&amp;ndash;206, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Brauers, T. and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Analysis of relative rate measurements, Int. J. Chem. Kin., 29(8), 665&amp;ndash;672, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Calvert, J. G., Kerr, J. A., Madronich, S., Moortgat, G. K., Wallington, T. J., and Yarwood, G.: The Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkenes, OUP, Oxford, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Cantrell, C. A., Zimmer, A., and Tyndall, G. S.: Absorption cross sections for water vapor from 183 to 193 nm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(17), 2195&amp;ndash;2198, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Carter, W. P.: Development of a Next Generation Environmental Chamber Facility For Chemical Mechanism and VOC Reactivity Research. Riverside, California, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, College of Engineering, University of California, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Carter, W. P. L., Cocker, D. R., Fitz, D. R., Malkina, I. L., Bumiller, K., Sauer, C. G., Pisano, J. T., Bufalino, C., and Song, C.: A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation, Atmos. Environ., 39(40), 7768&amp;ndash;7788, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Carter, W. P. L., Luo, D., Malkina, I. and Pierce, J.:Environmental Chamber Studies of Atmospheric Reactivities of Volatile Organic Compounds. Effects of Varying Chamber and Light Source. Final report to National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Riverside, Contract XZ-2-12075, Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Project M-9, California Air Resources Board, Contract A032-0692, and South Coast Air Quality Management District, Contract C91323, March 26, available at: http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/~carter/absts.htm#rct2rept, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Cassano, A. E., Martin, C., Brandi, R., and Alfano, O.: Photoreactor Analysis and Design: Fundamentals and Applications, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 34, 2155&amp;ndash;2201, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Chernin, S.: Promising Version of the three-objective multipass matrix system, Opt. Express, 10, 104&amp;ndash;107, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Chernin, S. and Barskaya, E.: Optical multipass matrix systems, Appl. Optics, 30, 51&amp;ndash;58, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Choi, N., Pilling, M. J., Seakins, P. W., and Wang, L.: Studies of site selective hydrogen atom abstractions by Cl atoms from isobutane and propane by laser flash photolysis/IR diode laser spectroscopy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8(18), 2172&amp;ndash;2178, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Cornejo-Rodriguez, A.: Ronchi Test, in: Optical Shop Testing, edited by: Malacara, D., Wiley, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Creasey, D. J., Halford-Maw, P. A., Heard, D. E., Spence, J. E., and Whitaker, B. J.: Fast photomultiplier tube gating system for photon counting applications, Rev. Sci. Instrum, 69(12), 4068&amp;ndash;4073, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> DeMore, W., Sander, S., Golden, D., Hampson, R., Kurylo, M., Howard, C., Ravishankara, A., Kolb, C., and Molina, M.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, evaluation number 12, JPL Publications, Pasadena, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 97&amp;ndash;4, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Denman, K. L. and Brasseur, G.: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Dodge, M. C.: Chemical Oxidant Mechanisms for Air Quality Modeling: A critical review, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2103&amp;ndash;2130, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Doussin, J.-F., Dominique, R., and Patrick, C.: Multiple-pass cell for very-long-path infrared spectroscopy, Appl. Optics, 38(19), 4145&amp;ndash;4150, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Doussin, J. F., Ritz, D., Durand-Jolibois, R., Monod, A., and Carlier, P.: Design of an environmental chamber for the study of atmospheric chemistry: new developments in the analytical device, Analusis, 25, 236&amp;ndash;242, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Edwards, G. D., Cantrell, C. A., Stephens, S., Hill, B., Goyea, O., Shetter, R. E., Mauldin III, R. L., Kosciuch, E., Tanner, D. J., and Eisele, F. L.: Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer Instrument for the Measurement of Tropospheric HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and RO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Anal. Chem., 75(20), 5317&amp;ndash;5327, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Faloona, I. C., Tan, D., Lesher, R. L., Hazen, N. L., Frame, C. L., Simpas, J. B., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Di Carlo, P., Ren, X., and Brune, W. H.: A Laser-induced Fluorescence Instrument for Detecting Tropospheric OH and HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: Characteristics and Calibration, J. Atmos. Chem., 47, 139&amp;ndash;167, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Floquet, C. F. A.: Airborne Measurements of Hydroxyl Radicals by Fluorescene Assay by Gas Expansion, PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Forster, P. and Ramaswamy, V.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Gannon, K. L., Glowacki, D. R., Blitz, M. A., Hughes, K. J., Pilling, M. J., and Seakins, P. W.: H Atom Yields from the Reactions of CN Radicals with C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H$_6$, trans-2-C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H$_8$, and iso-C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H$_8$., J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, doi:10.1021/jp0689520, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Grassi, L. and Guzzi, R.: Theoretical and practical consideration of the construction of a zero-geometric-loss multiple-pass cell based on the use of monolithic mutliple-face retroreflectors, Appl. Optics, 40(33), 6062&amp;ndash;6071, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Hanst, P. L.: Spectroscopic Methods for Air Pollution Measurement, Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, 2, 91&amp;ndash;213, 1971. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Heard, D. E.: Atmospheric field measurements of the hydroxyl radical using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 57, 191&amp;ndash;216, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Heard, D. E. and Pilling, M. J.: Measurement of OH and HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the Troposphere, Chem. Rev., 103(12), 5163&amp;ndash;5198, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Hopkins, J. R., Still, T., Al-Haider, S., Fisher, I. R., Lewis, A. C., and Seakins, P. W.: A simplified apparatus for ambient formaldehyde detection via GC-pHID, Atmos. Environ., 37(18), 2557&amp;ndash;2565, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Horn, D. and Pimentel, G. C.: 2.5-km Low Temperature Multiple Reflection Cell, Appl. Optics, 10, 1892&amp;ndash;1898, 1971. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Irazoqui, H. A., Cerda, J., and Cassano, A. E.: The Radiation Field for the Point and Line Source Approximations and the Three-Dimensional Source Models: Applications to Photoreactors, The Chemical Engineering Journal, 11, 27&amp;ndash;37, 1976. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Jenkin, M. E., Saunders, S. M., and Pilling, M. J.: The tropospheric degredation of volatile organic compounds: a protocol for mechanism development, Atmos. Environ., 31, 81&amp;ndash;104, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Jenkin, M. E., Saunders, S. M., Wagner, V., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (partB): tropospheric degradation of aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 181&amp;ndash;193, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Kaiser, E. W. and Wallington, T. J.: Kinetics of the Reactions of Chlorine with C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (k$_1)$ and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (k$_2)$: A Determination of $\Delta $H$_f$,298 Deg for C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 4111&amp;ndash;4119, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Kwok, E. S. C. and Atkinson, R.: Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update, Atmos. Environ., 29(14), 1685&amp;ndash;1695, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Lewis, R. S., Sander, S. P., Wagner, S. and Watson, R. T.: Temperature-dependent rate constants for the reaction of ground-state chlorine with simple alkanes, J. Phys. Chem., 84(16),2009&amp;ndash;15, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Lide, D. R., (Ed.): Optical Properties of Metals and Semiconductors, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> McKee, K. W., Blitz, M. A., Cleary, P. A., Glowacki, D. R., Pilling, M. J., Seakins, P. W., and Wang, L.: Experimental and Master Equation Study of the Kinetics of OH + C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: Temperature Dependence of the Limiting High Pressure and Pressure Dependent Rate Coefficients, J. Phys. Chem. A., 111, 4043&amp;ndash;4055, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Miller, J. A., Pilling, M. J. and Troe, J.: Unravelling combustion mechanisms through a quantitative understanding of elementary reactions, Proceedings of the Combustion Symposium, 30, 43&amp;ndash;88, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Nolting, F., Behnke, W., and Zetzsch, C.: A smog chamber for studies of the reactions of terpenes and alkanes with ozone and hydroxyl, J. Atmos. Chem., 6(1&amp;ndash;2), 47&amp;ndash;59, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Pinelli, D., Bujalski, W., Nienow, A. W., and Magelli, F.: Comparison of experimental techniques for the measurement of mixing time in gas-liquid systems, Chemical Engineering &amp; Technology, 24, 919&amp;ndash;923, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Ravishankara, A. R.: Chemistry-climate coupling: The importance of chemistry in climate issues, Faraday Discuss., 130, 9&amp;ndash;26, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Rickard, A. R., Johnson, D., McGill, C. D., and Marston, G.: OH Yields in the Gas-Phase Reactions of Ozone with Alkenes, J. Phys. Chem. A., 103(38), 7656&amp;ndash;7664, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Saunders, S., Jenkin, M., Derwent, R., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degredation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161&amp;ndash;180, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Seinfeld, J. H.: Air pollution: A half century of progress, AIChE Journal, 50(6), 1096&amp;ndash;1108, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Seroji, A. R., Webb, A. R., Coe, H., Monks, P. S., and Rickard, A. R.: Derivation and validation of photolysis rates of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O from a GUV-541 radiometer, J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 109(D21), D21307/1-D21307/10, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Shetter, R. E., Davidson, J. A., Cantrell, C. A., and Calvert, J. G.: Temperature variable long path cell for absorption measurements, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 58, 1427&amp;ndash;1428, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Sommariva, R., Pilling, M. J., Bloss, W. J., Heard, D. E., Lee, J. D., Fleming, Z. L., Monks, P. S., Plane, J. M. C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Ball, S. M., Bitter, M., Jones, R. L., Brough, N., Penkett, S. A., Hopkins, J. R., Lewis, A. C., and Read, K. A.: Night-time radical chemistry during the NAMBLEX campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 587&amp;ndash;598, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Still, T. J., Al-Haider, S., Seakins, P. W., Sommariva, R., Stanton, J. C., Mills, G., and Penkett, S. A.: Ambient formaldehyde measurements made at a remote marine boundary layer site during the NAMBLEX campaign &amp;ndash; a comparison of data from chromatographic and modified Hantzsch techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2711&amp;ndash;2726, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Stone, D. A.: A controlled-environment chamber for atmospheric chemistry studies using FT-IR spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc., 44(6), 945&amp;ndash;950, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Thuener, L. P., Bardini, P., Rea, G. J. and Wenger, J. C.: Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Radicals with Dimethylphenols, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108(50), 11 019&amp;ndash;11 025 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Tobin, D. C., Strow, L., Lafferty, J., and Olson, W. B.: Experimental Investigation of the self and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; broadened continuum within the v2 band of water vapor, Appl. Optics, 35(24), 4724&amp;ndash;4734, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Troe, J.: Fall-off curves of unimolecular reactions, Berichte der Bunsen-Gesellschaft, 78, 478&amp;ndash;488, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Tyndall, G. S., Orlando, J. J., Wallington, T. J., and Hurley, M. D.: Pressure Dependence of the Rate Coefficients and Product Yields for the Reaction of CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CO Radicals with O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Int. J. Chem. Kin., 29, 655&amp;ndash;663, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Vetterling, W. T.: Straight Line Data with Errors in Both Coordinates in Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 666&amp;ndash;670, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Voigt, S., Orphal, J. and Burrows, J. P.: The temperature and pressure dependence of the absorption cross-sections of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the 250&amp;ndash;800 nm region measured by Fourier-transform spectroscopy, J. Photoch. and Photobio. A, 149(1&amp;ndash;3), 1&amp;ndash;7, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Wahner, A.: SAPHIR: Simulation of Atmospheric Photochemistry in a Large Reaction Chamber: A novel instrument, Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 224, 082-PHYS, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Wallington, T. J., Andino, J. M., Ball, J. C., and Japar, S. M.: Fourier transform infrared studies of the reaction of chlorine atoms with peroryacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate, methyl hydroperoxide, formic acid, acetone, and 2-butanone at 295+-2 K, J. Atmos. Chem., 10, 301&amp;ndash;313 1990a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Wallington, T. J., Andino, J. M., Lorkovic, I. M., Kaiser, E. W., and Marston, G.: Pressure dependence of the reaction of chlorine atoms with ethene and acetylene in air at 295 K, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 3644&amp;ndash;3648, 1990b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Wallington, T. J. and Japar, S. M.: Fourier transform infrared kinetic studies of the reaction of nitrous acid with nitric acid, nitrogen trioxide (NO$_3)$ and dinitrogen pentoxide (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5)$ at 295 K, J. Atmos. Chem., 9, 399-409, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> Wallington, T. J. and Nielsen, O. J.: Measurement of rate constants for radical reactions in the gas phase in General Aspects of Free Radical Chemistry, Ed, Z. Alfassi, John Wiley, New York, 19-50, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Wallington, T. J., Skewes, L. M., Siegl, W. O., Wu, C. H., and Japar, S. M.: Gas phase reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of oxygenated organic species at 295 K, Int. J. Chem. Kin., 20(11), 867&amp;ndash;875, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Weast, R. C. (Ed.): Reflection Coefficients of Surfaces For &quot;Incandescent Light&quot;, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p.109, 1980a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Weast, R. C. (Ed.): Transmissibility for Radiations, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p.319, 1980b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> White, J.: Long optical paths of large aperture, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 32, 285&amp;ndash;288, 1942. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> White, J.: Very Long Optical Paths in Air, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 411&amp;ndash;416, 1976. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Zador, J., Wagner, V., Wirtz, K., and Pilling, M. J.: Quantitative assessment of uncertainties for a model of tropospheric ethene oxidation using the European Photoreactor (EUPHORE), Atmos. Environ., 39(15), 2805&amp;ndash;2817, 2005. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

