Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net
1680-7367
1680-7375
7
4
2007
10.5194/acpd-7-10235-2007
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/10235/2007/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/10235/2007/acpd-7-10235-2007.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/10235/2007/acpd-7-10235-2007.pdf
10235
10285
2007-07-17
The high Arctic in extreme winters: vortex, temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS trace gas evolution
G. L. Manney
manney@mls.jpl.nasa.gov
W. H. Daffer
K. B. Strawbridge
K. A. Walker
C. D. Boone
P. F. Bernath
T. Kerzenmacher
M. J. Schwartz
K. Strong
R. J. Sica
K. Krüger
H. C. Pumphrey
L. Froidevaux
A. Lambert
M. L. Santee
N. J. Livesey
E. E. Remsberg
M. G. Mlynczak
J. R. Russell III
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA
Columbus Technologies Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA
Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Ontario, Canada
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
University of York, Heslington, York, UK
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Leibniz-Institute for Marine Sciences at Kiel University (IFM-GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA
The first three Canadian Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)
Validation Campaigns at Eureka (80° N, 86° W)
were during two extremes of Arctic winter variability:
Stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) in 2004 and 2006 were among the strongest,
most prolonged on record; 2005 was a record cold
winter. New satellite measurements from ACE-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS),
Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry,
and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), with
meteorological analyses and Eureka lidar and radiosonde temperatures,
are used to detail the meteorology in these winters, to
demonstrate its influence on transport and chemistry, and to provide a
context for interpretation of campaign observations.
During the 2004 and 2006 SSWs, the vortex broke down throughout
the stratosphere, reformed quickly in the upper stratosphere, and remained
weak in the middle and lower stratosphere.
The stratopause
reformed at very high altitude, above where it could be accurately
represented in the meteorological analyses.
The 2004 and 2006 Eureka campaigns were during the recovery
from the SSWs, with the redeveloping vortex over Eureka.
2005 was the coldest winter on record in the lower
stratosphere, but with an early final warming in mid-March.
The vortex was over Eureka at the start of the 2005 campaign,
but moved away as it broke up. Disparate
temperature profile structure and vortex evolution resulted in
much lower (higher) temperatures in the upper (lower) stratosphere
in 2004 and 2006 than in 2005. Satellite temperatures agree well with Eureka
radiosondes, and with lidar data up to
50–60 km. Consistent with a strong, cold upper stratospheric vortex and
enhanced radiative cooling after the SSWs,
MLS and ACE-FTS trace gas measurements show strongly enhanced descent in the
upper stratospheric vortex during the
2004 and 2006 Eureka campaigns compared to that in 2005.
Barrett, B., Ricaud, P., Santee, M. L., et~al.: Intercomparisons of Trace Gas Profiles from the Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS Limb Sounders, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007305, 2006, 2006.
Bernath, B F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., et~al.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.
Bloom, S C., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., et~al.: The Goddard Earth Observing Data Assimilation System, GEOS DAS Version 4.0.3: Documentation and Validation, Tech. Rep. 104606 V26, NASA, 2005.
Boone, C D., Nassar, R., Walker, K A., Rochon, Y., McLeod, S D., Rinsland, C P., and Bernath, P F.: Retrievals for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier-Transform Spectrometer, Appl. Opt., 44, 7218–7231, 2005.
Braathen, G., Grunow, K., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Raffalski, U., Kopp, G., Urban, J., Hochschild, G., Goutail, F., Manney, G. L., Rösevall, J., and Murtagh, D.: Joint WMO/EU Arctic ozone bulletin, winter/spring summary, Tech. Rep. 2006-1, World Meteorological Organization/European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit, 2006. %
%Carleer, M., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: %ACE-FTS water vapor validation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., %in preparation, 2007.
Carswell, A I., Donovan, D P., Bird, J C., Duck, T J., Pal, S R., and Whiteway, J A.: Measurements at the Eureka Arctic NDSC station with a Raman DIAL system, in: Advances in atmospheric remote sensing with lidar, edited by Ansmann, A. and Neuber, R., pp. 521–524, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Barret, B., Carleer, M., Semeniuk, K., McConnell, J C., Boone, C., and Bernath, P.: Carbon monoxide distribution from the ACE-FTS solar occultation measurements, Geophys.\ Res. Lett., 32, L16S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022394, 2005. %
%Clerbaux, C., George, M., et~al.: CO measurements from the ACE-FTS mission: %Validation using ground-based, airbourne and satellite observations, Atmos.\ %Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation, 2007.
Davies, T., Cullen, M. J P., Malcolm, A J., Mawson, M H., Staniforth, A., White, A A., and Wood, N.: A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1759–1782, 2005.
Duck, T J. and Greene, M D.: High Arctic observations of mesospheric inversion layers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02105, doi:10.1029/2003GL018481, 2004.
Dunkerton, T J. and Delisi, D P.: Evolution of potential vorticity in the winter stratosphere of January-February 1979, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1199–1208, 1986. %
%Fraser, A., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authotrs beofre using et al., et~al.: UV-Visible measurements of ozone and NO\sub2 at PEARL, %Eureka, Nunavut 2004-2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation, 2007.
Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., et~al.: Early Validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura Satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1106–1121, 2006. %
%Froidevaux, L., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors beofre using et al., et~al.: Validation of EOS MLS HCl measurements, J.\ %Geophys. Res., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, available at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, %2007a. %
%Froidevaux, L., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors beofre using et al., et~al.: Validation of EOS MLS stratospheric ozone %measurements, J. Geophys. Res., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, available at %http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, 2007b. %
%Fu, D., Mittermeier, R., Sung, K., Walker, K A., Bernath, P F., Fast, H., and %Strong, K.: Simultaneous atmospheric remote sensing using Fourier transform %Infrared spectrometers at Polar Environment Atmospheric Research %Laboratory (PEARL) during spring 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation, 2007.
Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F., Dodion, J., Bingen, C., Walker, K A., Boone, C D., McLeod, S D., and Bernath, P F.: Initial intercomparison of ozone and nitrogen dioxide number density profiles retrieved by the ACE-FTS and GOMOS occultation experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16S02, doi:10.1029/2005GL022468, 2005.
Gross, M R., McGee, T J., Ferrare, R A., Singh, U N., and Kimvilakani, P.: Temperature measurements made with a combined Rayleigh-Mie and Raman lidar, Applied Optics, 36, 5987–5995, 1997.
Hauchecorne, A. and Chanin, M L.: Density and temperature profiles obtained by lidar between 35 and 70 km, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 565–569, 1980.
Highwood, E J. and Berrisford, P.: Properties of the Arctic tropopause, Q.\ J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1515–1532, 2000.
Hitchman, M H., Gille, J C., Rodgers, C D., and Brasseur, G.: The separated polar stratopause: A gravity wave driven climatological feature, J.\ Atmos. Sci., 46, 410–422, 1989.
Ivanov, A., Kats, A., Kurnosenko, S., Nash, N., and Zaitseva, N.: International Radiosonde Intercomparison Phase~III (Dzhambul, USSR 1989) final report, Tech. Rep. WMO/TD-No 451, World Meteorological Organization, Instruments and Observing Methods Report 40, 1991.
Jin, J J., Semeniuk, K., Jonsson, A. I., et~al.: Co-located ACE-FTS and Odin/SMR stratospheric-mesospheric CO 2004 measurements and comparison with a GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S03, doi:10.1029/2005GL022433, 2005.
Kerzenmacher, T E., Walker, K. A., Strong, K., et~al.: Measurements of O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> and Temperature During the 2004 Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaign, Geophys.\ Res. Lett., 32, L16S07, doi:10.1029/2005GL023032, 2005.
Kutepov, A., Feofilov, A., Marshall, B., Gordley, L., Pesnell, W., Goldberg, R., and Russell~III, J.: SABER temperature observations in the summer polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Importance of accounting for the CO<sub>2</sub> $\nu_2$ quanta V–V exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21809, doi:10.1029/2006GL026591, 2006.
Labitzke, K.: Temperature changes in the mesosphere and stratosphere connected with circulation changes in winter, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 756–766, 1972. %
%Lambert, A., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder %stratospheric water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements, J. Geophys.\ %Res., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, available at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, 2007.
Livesey, N J., Read, W. J., Filipiak, M. J., et~al.: MLS Version~1.5 Level~2 data quality and description document, Tech. Rep. JPL D-32381, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2005.
Lorenc, A C., Ballard, S. P., Bell, R. S., et~al.: The Met. Office global three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 2991–3012, 2000.
Mahieu, E. and Fels, S B.: Comparisons between ACE-FTS and ground-based measurements of stratospheric HCl and ClONO\sub2 loadings at northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S08, doi:10.1029/2005GL022396, 2005.
Manney, G L., Zurek, R W., O'Neill, A., and Swinbank, R.: On the motion of air through the stratospheric polar vortex, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2973–2994, 1994.
Manney, G L., Krüger, K., Sabutis, J L., Sena, S A., and Pawson, S.: The remarkable 2003-2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005367, 2005.
Manney, G L., Livesey, N J., Jimenez, C J., Pumphrey, H C., Santee, M L., MacKenzie, I A., Froidevaux, L., and Waters, J W.: EOS MLS observations of "frozen-in" anticyclonic air in Arctic summer, Geophys.\ Res. Lett., 33, L06810, doi:10.1029/2005GL025418, 2006a.
Manney, G L., Santee, M L., Froidevaux, L., Hoppel, K., Livesey, N J., and Waters, J W.: EOS MLS observations of ozone loss in the 2004-2005 Arctic winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04802, doi:10.1029/2005GL024494, 2006b. %
%Manney, G L. et~al.: Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived %Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS, % J. Geophys. Res., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, available at %http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, 2007a. %
%Manney, G L., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: The evolution of the stratopause during the 2006 major %warming: Satellite Data and Assimilated Meteorological Analyses, %Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, available at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, %2007b.
McHugh, M., Magill, B., Walker, K A., Boone, C D., Bernath, P F., and Russell~III, J M.: Comparison of atmospheric retrievals from ACE and HALOE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S10, doi:10.1029/2005GL022403, 2005.
Mlynczak, M. and Russell, J.: An overview of the SABER experiment for the TIMED mission, NASA Langley Research Center, Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, 2, 5–7, 1995.
Nash, J. and Schmidlin, F J.: International Radiosonde Intercomparison (U.K., 1984, U.S.A., 1985) final report, Tech. Rep. WMO/TD-No 195, World Meteorological Organization, Instruments and Observing Methods Report 30, 1987.
Petelina, S V., Llewellyn, E J., Walker, K A., Degenstein, D A., Boone, C D., Bernath, P F., Haley, C S., von Savigny, C., Lloyd, N D., and Gattinger, R L.: Validation of ACE-FTS stratospheric ozone profiles against Odin/OSIRIS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S06, doi:10.1029/2005GL022377, 2005. %
%Pumphrey, H C., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder %stratospheric and mesospheric CO measurements, J. Geophys. Res., %submitted\blackbox\bf status?, available at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, 2007.
Randall, C E., Harvey, V L., Singleton, C S., Bernath, P F., Boone, C D., and Kozyra, J U.: Enhanced NO<sub>x</sub> in 2006 linked to strong upper stratospheric Arctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18811, doi:10.1029/2006GL027160, 2006.
Randall, C E. , Harvey, V. L., Manney, G. L., et~al.: Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003–2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05802, doi:10.1029/2004GL022003, 2005.
Reichler, T., Dameris, M., and Sausen, R.: Determining the tropopause height from gridded data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2042, doi:10.1029/2003GL018240, 2003.
Reinecker, M M., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., et~al.: The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System: A Documentation of GEOS-5.0, Tech. Rep. 104606 V27, NASA, 2007.
Remsberg, E E., Lingenfelser, G., Harvey, V L., Grose, W., III, J R., Mlynczak, M., Gordley, L., and Marshall, B T.: On the verification of the quality of SABER temperature, geopotential height, and wind fields by comparison with Met Office assimilated anylyses, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4628, doi:10.1029/2003JD003720, 2003.
Remsberg, E E., Deaver, L., Wells, J. , et~al.: An assessment of the quality of HALOE temperature profiles in the mesosphere based on comparisons with Rayleigh backscatter lidar and inflatable falling sphere measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4447, doi:10.1029/2001JD001521, 2002. %
%Santee, M L., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on %new satellite measurements and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, %available at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, 2007a. %
%Santee, M L., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder %HNO<sub>3</sub> measurements, J. Geophys. Res., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, available %at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, 2007b.
Schoeberl, M R.: Extratropical stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange, J.\ Geophys. Res., 109, D13303, doi:10.1029/2004JD004525, 2004. %
%Schwartz, M J., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder %temperature and geopotential height measurements, J. Geophys. Res., %submitted, available at http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov, 2007. %
%Sica, R J., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: Validation of ACE temperature using ground-based and %space-based meassurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation, 2007.
Simmons, A J., Hortal, M., Kelly, G., McNally, A., Untch, A., and Uppala, S.: ECMWF analyses and forecasts of stratospheric winter polar vortex break-up: September~2002 in the southern hemisphere and related events, J. Atmos.\ Sci., 62, 668–689, 2005.
Siskind, D E., , Eckermann, S D., Coy, L., and McCormack, J P.: On recent interannual variability of the Arctic winter mesosphere: Implications for tracer descent, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09806, doi:10.1029/2007GL029293, 2007.
Sung, K., Skelton, R., Walker, K A., Boone, C D., Fu, D., and Bernath, P F.: N\sub2O and O\sub3 Arctic column amounts from PARIS-IR observations: Retrievals, characterization and error analysis, J. Quant. Spectrosc.\ Rad. Transfer, in press, 2007, 2007a. %
%Sung, K., \blackbox\bf please name at least 3 authors before using et al., et~al.: Partial and total column SFIT2 retrievals from Eureka %DA8 spectra in spring 2004 and 2005, including comparisons with PARIS-IR %and ACE Satellite measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation, 2007b.
Swinbank, R. and O'Neill, A.: A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 686–702, 1994.
Swinbank, R., Ingleby, N B., Boorman, P M., and Renshaw, R J.: A 3D variational data assimilation system for the stratosphere and troposphere, Tech. Rep 71, Met Office Numerical Weather Prediction Forecasting Research Scientific Paper, 2002.
Swinbank, R., Keil, M., Jackson, D R., and Scaife, A A.: Stratospheric Data Assimilation at the Met Office - progress and plans, in: ECMWF workshop on Modelling and Assimilation for the Stratosphere and Tropopause 23-26-June, 2003, ECMWF, 2004.
Untch, A., Miller, M., Hortal, M., Buizza, R., and Janssen, P.: Towards a global meso-scale model: The high resolution system T799L91 and T399L62 EPS, ECMWF Newsletter, 108, 6–13, 2006.
Walker, K A., Randall, C E., Trepte, C R., Boone, C D., and Bernath, P F.: Initial validation comparisons for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16S04, doi:10.1029/2005GL022 388, 2005.
Waters, J W., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R. S., et~al.: The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1075–1092, 2006.
WMO: \upshape Scientific assessment of stratospheric ozone depletion: 2006, U N Environ Program, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.
Wu, W.-S., Purser, R J., and Parish, D F.: Three-dimensional variational analyses with spatially inhomogeneous covariances, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2905–2916, 2002.