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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-6-7407-2006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Isolated lower mesospheric echoes seen by medium frequency radar at 70&amp;deg; N, 19&amp;deg; E</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hall</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Manson</surname>
<given-names>A. H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meek</surname>
<given-names>C. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nozawa</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Tromsø Geophysical Observatory, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies,University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>The Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>7407</fpage>
<lpage>7426</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/6/7407/2006/acpd-6-7407-2006.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/6/7407/2006/acpd-6-7407-2006.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/6/7407/2006/acpd-6-7407-2006.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/6/7407/2006/acpd-6-7407-2006.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We have noted sporadic instances of strong isolated reflections of medium
frequency (MF) radar waves from the mesosphere from as low as 50 km altitude
and have devised a set of criteria for isolating these apparently anomalous
echoes from those normally occurring from progressive partial reflections in
the D-region. The object of this study is therefore to map the occurrences
of such echoes facilitating comparisons with other observations. For
example, the similarity and simultaneity of the echo structure for the 20 January 2005 with VHF radar results presented by L&amp;#252;bken et al.&amp;nbsp;(2006)
are particularly striking. In presenting a number of such echo events since
2001 selected from the MF radar dataset (which spans 1997 to present), we
find that virtually all echo occurrences coincide with enhanced solar proton
fluxes suggesting that substantial ionisation of the mesosphere is a
necessary condition. Strong partial reflections of the radio wave in the
lower mesosphere combined with seasonally varying total absorption higher
up, thus giving false impressions of lower mesospheric layers preferentially
in winter, constitute a scenario consistent with our observations.</p>
</abstract>
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</article-meta>
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