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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-6-1539-2006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Efficiency of the deposition mode ice nucleation on mineral dust particles</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Möhler</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Field</surname>
<given-names>P. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Connolly</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Benz</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Saathoff</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schnaiter</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wagner</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cotton</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krämer</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mangold</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Heymsfield</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-AAF), Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Met Office, OBR (Observations Based Research), UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Forschungszentrum J&amp;uuuml;lich, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere (ICG-I), Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>NCAR, MMM (Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology), USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>now at: Royal Meteorological Institute, Ozone Research Group, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1539</fpage>
<lpage>1577</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<abstract>
<p>The deposition mode ice nucleation efficiency of various dust aerosols was
investigated at cirrus cloud temperatures between 196&amp;nbsp;K and 223&amp;nbsp;K
using the aerosol chamber facility AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in
the Atmosphere). Arizona test dust (ATD) as a reference material and two dust
samples from the Takla Makan desert in Asia (AD1) and Sahara (SD2) were used
for the experiments at simulated cloud conditions. The dust particle sizes
were almost lognormally distributed with mode diameters between 0.3&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m and
0.5&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m and geometric standard deviations between 1.6 and 1.9.
Deposition ice nucleation was most efficient on ATD particles with ice-active
particle fractions of about 0.6 and 0.8 at an ice saturation ratio &lt;i&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt;1.15
and temperatures of 223&amp;nbsp;K and 209&amp;nbsp;K, respectively. No
significant change of the ice nucleation efficiency was found in up to three
subsequent cycles of ice activation and evaporation with the same ATD
aerosol. The desert dust samples SD2 and AD1 showed a significantly lower
fraction of active deposition nuclei, about 0.25 at 223&amp;nbsp;K and &lt;i&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt;1.35.
For all samples the ice activated aerosol fraction could be
approximated by an exponential equation as function of &lt;i&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. This
formulation of ice activation spectra may be used to calculate the formation
rate of ice crystals in models, if the number concentration of dust particles
is known. More experimental work is needed to quantify the variability of the
ice activation spectra as function of the temperature and dust particle
properties.</p>
</abstract>
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