ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-4-2485-2004 Formation of solid particles in synoptic-scale Arctic PSCs in early winter 2002/2003 Larsen N. 1 Knudsen B. M. 1 Svendsen S. H. 1 Deshler T. 2 Rosen J. M. 2 Kivi R. 3 Weisser C. 4 Schreiner J. 4 Mauerberger K. 4 Cairo F. 5 Ovarlez J. 6 Oelhaf H. 7 Spang R. 8 Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Centre, 99600 Sodankyla, Finland Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Bereich Atmosphärenphysik, Postfach 103 980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, CNR, Italy Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS-IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France Forschungzentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Forschungzentrum Jülich, Institute for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, Institute I: Stratosphere (ICG-I), 52425 Jülich, Germany 12 05 2004 4 3 2485 2512 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/4/2485/2004/acpd-4-2485-2004.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/4/2485/2004/acpd-4-2485-2004.pdf

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) have been observed in early winter (December 2002) during the SOLVE II/Vintresol campaign, both from balloons carrying comprehensive instrumentation for measurements of chemical composition, size distributions, and optical properties of the particles, as well as from individual backscatter soundings from Esrange and Sodankyl&#228;. The observations are unique in the sense that the PSC particles seem to have formed in the early winter under synoptic temperature conditions and not being influenced by mountain lee waves. A sequence of measurements during a 5-days period shows a gradual change between liquid and solid type PSCs with the development of a well-known sandwich structure. It appears that all PSC observations show the presence of a background population of solid particles, occasionally mixed in with more dominating liquid particles. The measurements have been compared with results from a detailed microphysical and optical simulation of the formation processes. Calculated extinction(indices) are in good agreement with SAGE-III measurements from the same period. Apparently the solid particles are controlled by the synoptic temperature history while the presence of liquid particles is controlled by the local temperatures at the time of observation. The temperature histories indicate that the solid particles are nucleated above the ice frost point, and a surface freezing mechanism for this is included in the model. Reducing the calculated freezing rates by a factor 10&ndash;20, the model is able to simulate the observed particle size distributions and reproduce observed HNO<sub>3</sub> gas phase concentrations.