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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-2-577-2002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Comparing forward and inverse models to estimate the seasonal variation of hemisphere-integrated fluxes of carbonyl sulfide</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kettle</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kuhn</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>von Hobe</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kesselmeier</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liss</surname>
<given-names>P. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andreae</surname>
<given-names>M. O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>577</fpage>
<lpage>621</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<abstract>
<p>A simple inverse model is proposed to deduce hemisphere-integrated COS flux based on published
      time series of total column COS.  The global atmosphere is divided into two boxes representing the
      Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and the total column COS data from several stations are used
      to deduce hemispheric COS loadings.  The integrated flux within each hemisphere is calculated as a
      linear combination of a steady-state solution and time-varying perturbation.  The nature of the time-varying
      perturbation is deduced using two different approaches: an analytic solution based on a
      cosine function that was fitted to the original total column COS measurement time series and a
      Simplex optimization with no underlying assumption about the functional form of the total column
      time series.  The results suggest that there is a steady-state COS flux from the Northern to the
      Southern Hemisphere.  There is a seasonal variation superimposed on this flux that in the Southern
      Hemisphere has a maximum rate of COS input into the atmosphere around January and a maximum
      rate of COS removal from the atmosphere around August--September.  In the Northern
      Hemisphere, the maximum rate of COS input into the atmosphere is around May--June, and the
      maximum rate of COS removal is either August or January, depending on which station in the
      Northern Hemisphere is considered.  The results of the inverse model are compared with the
      outcome of a forward approach on the temporal and spatial variation of the dominant global
      sources and sinks published earlier.  In general, the deduced hemisphere-integrated flux estimates
      showed good agreement with the database estimates, though it remains uncertain whether COS
      removal from the atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere is dominated by plant and soil uptake in
      the boreal summer or by oceanic uptake in boreal winter.&lt;/p&gt;</p>
</abstract>
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