We use 2005–2009 satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns from OMI to infer biogenic isoprene emissions at monthly 1 × 1° resolution over the African continent. Our work includes new approaches to remove biomass burning influences using OMI absorbing aerosol optical depth data (to account for transport of fire plumes) and anthropogenic influences using AATSR satellite data for persistent small-flame fires (gas flaring). The resulting biogenic HCHO columns (Ω<sub>HCHO</sub>) follow closely the distribution of vegetation patterns in Africa. We infer isoprene emission (<i>E</i><sub>ISOP</sub>) from the local sensitivity <i>S</i>=ΔΩ<sub>HCHO</sub>/Δ<i>E</i><sub>ISOP</sub> derived with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model using two alternate isoprene oxidation mechanisms, and verify the validity of this approach using AMMA aircraft observations over West Africa and a longitudinal transect across central Africa. Displacement error (smearing) is diagnosed by anomalously high values of <i>S</i> and the corresponding data are removed. We find significant sensitivity of <i>S</i> to NO<sub>x</sub> under low-NO<sub>x</sub> conditions that we fit to a linear function of tropospheric column NO<sub>2</sub> from OMI. We estimate a 40% error in our inferred isoprene emissions under high-NO<sub>x</sub> conditions and 40–90% under low-NO<sub>x</sub> conditions. Comparison to the state-of-science MEGAN inventory indicates a large overestimate of central African rainforest emissions in that inventory.