References

ACPD

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions

ACPD

1680-7375

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acpd-12-7453-2012

Global distribution and climate forcing of marine organic aerosol – Part 2: Effects on cloud properties and radiative forcing

Gantt

¹ Xu

¹ ² Meskhidze

¹ Zhang

¹ Nenes

³ ⁴ Ghan

S. J.

⁵ Liu

⁵ Easter

⁵ Zaveri

⁵

Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China

School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA

15 03 2012

12 3 7453 7474

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/12/7453/2012/acpd-12-7453-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/12/7453/2012/acpd-12-7453-2012.pdf

In the first part of this paper series (Meskhidze et al., 2011), a treatment of marine organic aerosols (including primary organic aerosol, secondary organic aerosols, and methane sulfonate) was implemented into the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with a 7-mode Modal Aerosol Module. A series of simulations was conducted to quantify the changes in aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations in the marine boundary layer. In this study, changes in the cloud microphysical properties and radiative forcing resulting from marine organic aerosols are assessed. Model simulations show that the anthropogenic aerosol indirect forcing (AIF) predicted by CAM5 is decreased in absolute magnitude by up to ~0.10 W m−2 (8%) when marine organic aerosols are included. Changes in the AIF from marine organic aerosols are associated with small global increases in low-level in-cloud droplet number concentration and liquid water path of ~1.3 cm−3 (~1.6%) and 0.2 g m−2 (0.5%), respectively. Areas especially sensitive to changes in cloud properties due to marine organic aerosol include the Southern Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, and North Atlantic Ocean, all of which are characterized by high marine organic emission rates. As climate models are particularly sensitive to the background aerosol concentration, this small but non-negligible change in the AIF due to marine organic aerosols provides a notable link for ocean-ecosystem marine low-level cloud interactions and may be a candidate for consideration in future earth system models.

References 1

Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6837–6844, 2000.

Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R., Sarmiento, J. L., Feldman, G. C., Milligan, A. J., Falkowski, P. G., Letelier, R. M., and Boss, E. S.: Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity, Nature, 444, 752–755, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05317doi:10.1038/nature05317, 2006

Bond, T. C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., Streets, D. G., and Trautmann, N. M.: Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850–2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002840doi:10.1029/2006GB002840, 2007.

Bopp, L., Monfray, P., Aumont, O., Dufresne, J. L., Le Treut, H., Madec, G., Terray, L., and Orr, J. C.: Potential impact of climate change on marine export production, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 81–99, 2001.

Chang, R. Y.-W., Liu, P. S. K., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Comparison between measured and predicted CCN concentrations at Egbert, Ontario: Focus on the organic aerosol fraction at a semi-rural site, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8172–8182, 2007.

Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Flanagan, R., Nilsson, E., de Leeuw, G., Martino, M., Woeltjen J., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Primary sub-micron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17814, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034210doi:10.1029/2008GL034210, 2008.

Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A.: Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11212, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005591doi:10.1029/2004JD005591, 2005.

Gantt, B., Meskhidze, N., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Ceburnis, D., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Wind speed dependent size-resolved parameterization for the organic mass fraction of sea spray aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8777–8790, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8777-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-8777-2011, 2011.

Ghan, S. J., Abdul-Razzak, H., Nenes, A., Ming, Y., Liu, X., Ovchinnikov, M., Shipway, B., Meskhidze, N., Xu, J., and Shi, X.: Droplet nucleation: Physically-based parameterizations and comparative evaluation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M10001, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000074doi:10.1029/2011MS000074, 2011.

Gregg, W. W., Conkright, M. E., Ginoux, P., O'Reilly, J. E., and Casey, N. W.: Ocean primary production and climate: global decadal changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL016889doi:10.1029/2003GL016889, 2003.

Henson, S. A., Sarmiento, J. L., Dunne, J. P., Bopp, L., Lima, I., Doney, S. C., John, J., and Beaulieu, C.: Detection of anthropogenic climate change in satellite records of ocean chlorophyll and productivity, Biogeosciences, 7, 621–640, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-621-2010doi:10.5194/bg-7-621-2010, 2010.

Hultin, K. A. H., Nilsson E. D., Krejci R., Mårtensson E. M., Ehn M., Hagström Å., and de Leeuw G.: In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D06201, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012522doi:10.1029/2009JD012522, 2010.

Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J. E., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, Ø., and Gettelman, A.: Constraining cloud droplet number concentration in GCMs suppresses the aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12807, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038568doi:10.1029/2009GL038568, 2009.

IPCC: The Physical Science Basis, in: Contribution of Working Group I of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007.

Junker, C. and Liousse, C.: A global emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosol from historic records of fossil fuel and biofuel consumption for the period 1860–1997, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1195–1207, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1195-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-1195-2008, 2008.

Kiliyanpilakkil, V. P. and Meskhidze, N.: Deriving the effect of wind speed on clean maritime aerosol optical properties using the A-Train satellites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11401–11413, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11401-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-11401-2011, 2011.

Lamarque, J.-F., Bond, T. C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., Klimont, Z., Lee, D., Liousse, C., Mieville, A., Owen, B., Schultz, M. G., Shindell, D., Smith, S. J., Stehfest, E., Van Aardenne, J., Cooper, O. R., Kainuma, M., Mahowald, N., McConnell, J. R., Naik, V., Riahi, K., and van Vuuren, D. P.: Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017–7039, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010, 2010.

Liu, X. and Wang, J.: How important is organic aerosol hygroscopicity to aerosol indirect forcing, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 044010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044010doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044010, 2010.

Liu, X., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Zaveri, R., Rasch , P., Shi , X., Lamarque, J.-F., Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., Vitt, F., Conley, A., Park, S., Neale, R., Hannay, C., Ekman, A. M. L., Hess, P., Mahowald, N., Collins, W., Iacono, M. J., Bretherton, C. S., Flanner, M. G., and Mitchell, D.: Toward a minimal representation of aerosol direct and indirect effects: model description and evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 4, 3485–3598, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-3485-2011doi:10.5194/gmdd-4-3485-2011, 2011.

Lohmann, U. and Lesins, G.: Stronger constraints on the anthropogenic indirect aerosol effect, Science, 298, 1012–1016, 2002

Menon, S., Del Genio, A. D., Koch, D., and Tselioudis, G.: GCM Simulations of the aerosol indirect effect: Sensitivity to cloud parameterization and aerosol burden, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 692–713, 2002.

Meskhidze, N., and Nenes, A.: Phytoplankton and cloudiness in the Southern Ocean, Science, 314, 1419–1423, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1131779doi:10.1126/science.1131779, 2006.

Meskhidze, N., Xu, J., Gantt, B., Zhang, Y., Nenes, A., Ghan, S. J., Liu, X., Easter, R., and Zaveri, R.: Global distribution and climate forcing of marine organic aerosol: 1. Model improvements and evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11689–11705, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11689-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-11689-2011, 2011.

Moore, R. H., Ingall, E., Sorooshian, A., and Nenes, A.: Molar mass, surface tension and droplet growth kinetics of marine organics from measurement of CCN activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07801, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033350doi:10.1029/2008GL033350, 2008.

O'Dowd, C. D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y. J., and Putaud, J. P.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676–680, 2004.

Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.: Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms, Nature, 437, 681–686, 2005.

Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.

Platnick, S. and Twomey, S.: Determining the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in droplet concentration with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 334–347, 2007.

Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., DeMott, P. J., and Ziemann, P. J.: Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10223, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007963doi:10.1029/2006JD007963, 2007.

Svenningsson, B., Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Mircea, M., Bilde, M., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Zhou, J., Mønster, J., and Rosenørn, T.: Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1937–1952, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1937-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-1937-2006, 2006.

Roelofs, G. J.: A GCM study of organic matter in marine aerosol and its potential contribution to cloud drop activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 709–719, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-709-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-709-2008, 2008.

Vignati, E., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Scannell, C., Ceburnis, D., Sciare, J., Kanakidou, M., Myriokefalitakis, S., Dentener, F., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Global scale emission and distribution of seaspray aerosol: sea-salt and organic enrichment, Atmos. Environ., 44, 670–677, 2010.

Wang, J., Lee, Y.-N., Daum, P. H., Jayne, J., and Alexander, M. L.: Effects of aerosol organics on cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration and first indirect aerosol effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6325–6339, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6325-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-6325-2008, 2008.

Wang, M., Ghan, S., Ovchinnikov, M., Liu, X., Easter, R., Kassianov, E., Qian, Y., and Morrison, H.: Aerosol indirect effects in a multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5431–5455, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5431-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-5431-2011, 2011.

Yoon, Y. J., Ceburnis, D., Cavalli, F., Jourdan, O., Putaud, J. P., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Sellegri, K., Jennings, S. G., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Seasonal characteristics of the physicochemical properties of North Atlantic marine atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D04206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD007044doi:10.1029/2005JD007044, 2007.