ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-12-10115-2012 Global simulations of nitrate and ammonium aerosols and their radiative effects Xu L. 1 Penner J. E. 1 Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 19 04 2012 12 4 10115 10179 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/12/10115/2012/acpd-12-10115-2012.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/12/10115/2012/acpd-12-10115-2012.pdf

We examine the formation of nitrate and ammonium on five types of externally mixed pre-existing aerosols using the hybrid dynamic method in a global chemistry transport model. The model developed here predicts a similar spatial pattern of total aerosol nitrate and ammonium to that of several pioneering studies, but separates the effects of nitrate and ammonium on pure sulfate, biomass burning, fossil fuel, dust and sea salt aerosols. Nitrate and ammonium boost the scattering efficiency of sulfate and organic matter but lower the extinction of sea salt particles since the hygroscopicity of a mixed nitrate-ammonium-sea salt particle is less than that of pure sea salt. The direct anthropogenic forcing of particulate nitrate and ammonium at the top of atmosphere (TOA) is estimated to be −0.12 W m<sup>−2</sup>. Nitrate, ammonium and nitric acid gas also affect aerosol activation and the reflectivity of clouds. The first aerosol indirect forcing by anthropogenic nitrate (gas plus aerosol) and ammonium is estimated to be −0.09 W m<sup>−2</sup> at TOA, almost all of which is due to nitric acid gas (−0.08 W m<sup>−2</sup>).

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