ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-11-5493-2011 The influence of semi-volatile and reactive primary emissions on the abundance and properties of global organic aerosol Jathar S. H. 1 Farina S. C. 2 Robinson A. L. 1 3 Adams P. J. 1 4 Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA 15 02 2011 11 2 5493 5540 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/5493/2011/acpd-11-5493-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/5493/2011/acpd-11-5493-2011.pdf

Semi-volatile and reactive primary organic aerosols are modeled on a global scale using the GISS GCM II' "unified" climate model. We employ the volatility basis set framework to simulate emissions, chemical reactions and phase partitioning of primary and secondary organic aerosol (POA and SOA). The model also incorporates the emissions and reactions of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) as a source of OA, one that has been missing in most prior work. Model predictions are evaluated against a broad set of observational constraints including mass concentrations, degree of oxygenation, volatility and isotopic composition. A traditional model that treats POA as non-volatile and non-reactive is also compared to the same set of observations to highlight the progress made in this effort. The revised model predicts a global dominance of SOA and brings the POA/SOA split into better agreement with ambient measurements. This change is due to traditionally defined POA evaporating and the evaporated vapors oxidizing to form non-traditional SOA. IVOCs (traditionally not included in chemical transport models) oxidize to form condensable products that account for a third of total OA, suggesting that global models have been missing a large source of OA. Predictions of the revised model for the oxygenated OA (OOA) fraction at 17 different locations and OA volatility at 3 different locations compared much better to observations than predictions from the traditional model. When compared against monthly averaged OA mass concentrations measured by the IMPROVE network, model predictions lied within a factor of two in summer and mostly within a factor of five during winter. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the winter comparison can be improved either by increasing POA emissions or lowering the volatility of those emissions. Model predictions of the isotopic composition of OA are compared against those computed via a radiocarbon isotope analysis of field samples. The contemporary fraction, on average, is slightly under-predicted (20%) during the summer months but is a factor of two lower during the winter months. We hypothesize that the large wintertime under-prediction of surface OA mass concentrations and the contemporary fraction is due to an under-representation of biofuel (particularly, residential wood burning) emissions in the emission inventory. Overall, the model evaluation highlights the importance of treating POA as semi-volatile and reactive in order to predict accurately the sources, composition and properties of ambient OA.

 References Adams, P., Seinfeld, J., and Koch, D.: Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res..-Atmos., 104, 13791–13823, 1999. Aiken, A., DeCarlo, P., Kroll, J., Worsnop, D., Huffman, J., Docherty, K., Ulbrich, I., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J., Sueper, D., et~al.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478–4485, 2008. An, W., Pathak, R., Lee, B., and Pandis, S.: Aerosol volatility measurement using an improved thermodenuder: Application to secondary organic aerosol, J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 305–314, 2007. Asa-Awuku, A., Miracolo, M., Kroll, J., Robinson, A., and Donahue, N.: Mixing and phase partitioning of primary and secondary organic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett.., 36, L15827, http://dx.doi:10.1029/2009GL039301doi:10.1029/2009GL039301, 2009. Bernstein, J., Alexis, N., Barnes, C., Bernstein, I., Bernstein, J., Nel, A., Peden, D., Diaz-Sanchez, D., Tarlo, S., and Williams, P.: Health effects of air pollution, The J. Allerg. Clin. Immun., 114, 1116–1123, 2004. Bond, T., Streets, D., Yarber, K., Nelson, S., Woo, J., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, http://dx.doi:10.1029/2003JD003697doi:10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004. Cappa, C. D. and Jimenez, J. L.: Quantitative estimates of the volatility of ambient organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5409–5424, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5409-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5409-2010, 2010. Chan, A. W. H., Kautzman, K. E., Chhabra, P. S., Surratt, J. D., Chan, M. N., Crounse, J. D., Kürten, A., Wennberg, P. O., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of naphthalene and alkylnaphthalenes: implications for oxidation of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3049–3060, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3049-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3049-2009, 2009. Chung, S. and Seinfeld, J.: Global distribution and climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4407, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001397doi:10.1029/2001JD001397, 2002. Cooke, W., Liousse, C., Cachier, H., and Feichter, J.: Construction of a $1^\circ \times 1^\circ$ fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22–137, 1999. De~Gouw, J., Middlebrook, A., Warneke, C., Goldan, P., Kuster, W., Roberts, J., Fehsenfeld, F., Worsnop, D., Canagaratna, M., Pszenny, A., Keene, W. C., Marchewka, M., Bertman, S. B., and Bates T. S.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, 1–22, 2005. Del~Genio, A. and Yao, M.: Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme, The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr, 46, 181–184, 1993. Del~Genio, A., Yao, M., Kovari, W., and Lo, K.: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models, J. Climate, 9, 270–304, 1996. Donahue, N., Robinson, A., Stanier, C., and Pandis, S.: Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2635–2643, 2006. Donahue, N., Robinson, A., and Pandis, S.: Atmospheric organic particulate matter: From smoke to secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 43, 94–106, 2009. Dzepina, K., Volkamer, R. M., Madronich, S., Tulet, P., Ulbrich, I. M., Zhang, Q., Cappa, C. D., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evaluation of recently-proposed secondary organic aerosol models for a case study in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5681–5709, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5681-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5681-2009, 2009. El-Zanan, H., Lowenthal, D., Zielinska, B., Chow, J., and Kumar, N.: Determination of the organic aerosol mass to organic carbon ratio in IMPROVE samples, Chemosphere, 60, 485–496, 2005. Epstein, S., Riipinen, I., and Donahue, N.: A Semiempirical Correlation between Enthalpy of Vaporization and Saturation Concentration for Organic Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(2), 743–748, 2009. Farina, S. C., Adams, P. J., and Pandis, S. N.: Modeling global secondary organic aerosol formation and processing with the volatility basis set: Implications for anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D09202, http://dx.doi:10.1029/2009JD013046doi:10.1029/2009JD013046, 2010. Grieshop, A., Miracolo, M., Donahue, N., and Robinson, A.: Constraining the volatility distribution and gas-particle partitioning of combustion aerosols using isothermal dilution and thermodenuder measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4750–4756, 2009a. Grieshop, A. P., Logue, J. M., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263–1277, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009, 2009b. Hansen, J., Russell, G., Rind, D., Stone, P., Lacis, A., Lebedeff, S., Ruedy, R., and Travis, L.: Efficient three-dimensional global models for climate studies: Models I and II, Mon. Weather Review., 111, 609–662, 1983. Heald, C., Jacob, D., Park, R., Russell, L., Huebert, B., Seinfeld, J., Liao, H., and Weber, R.: A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023831doi:10.1029/2005GL023831, 2005. Heald, C., Jacob, D., Turquety, S., Hudman, R., Weber, R., Sullivan, A., Peltier, R., Atlas, E., De~Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Holloway, J. S., Neuman, J. A., Flocke, F. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Concentrations and sources of organic carbon aerosols in the free troposphere over North America, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S47, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007705doi:10.1029/2006JD007705, 2006. Heald, C., Henze, D., Horowitz, L., Feddema, J., Lamarque, J., Guenther, A., Hess, P., Vitt, F., Seinfeld, J., Goldstein, A., and Fung, I.: Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05211, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009092doi:10.1029/2007JD009092, 2008. Henze, D. K., Seinfeld, J. H., Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Fu, T.-M., Jacob, D. J., and Heald, C. L.: Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: high- vs. low-yield pathways, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2405–2420, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2405-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-2405-2008, 2008. Hoyle, C. R., Berntsen, T., Myhre, G., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: Secondary organic aerosol in the global aerosol - chemical transport model Oslo CTM2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5675-5694, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5675-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-5675-2007, 2007. \bibitem[Huffman et~al.(2009a)Huffman, Docherty, Aiken, Cubison] Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Aiken, A. C., Cubison, M. J., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Chemically-resolved aerosol volatility measurements from two megacity field studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7161–7182, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7161-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-7161-2009, 2009a. Huffman, J., Docherty, K., Mohr, C., Cubison, M., Ulbrich, I., Ziemann, P., Onasch, T., and Jimenez, J.: Chemically-resolved volatility measurements of organic aerosol fom different sources., Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5351–5357, 2009b. IMPROVE: IMPROVE Data Guide, August, 1995. IPCC, W.: Climate change 2007: the physical science basis, Summary for Policy Makers, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 11525–1529, 2009. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005. Koch, D.: Transport and direct radiative forcing of carbonaceous, J. Geophys. Res. , 106, 20–311, 2001. Koch, D., Jacob, D., Tegen, I., Rind, D., and Chin, M.: Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 23799–23822, 1999. Lane, T., Donahue, N., and Pandis, S.: Simulating secondary organic aerosol formation using the volatility basis-set approach in a chemical transport model, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7439–7451, 2008. Lee, B. H., Kostenidou, E., Hildebrandt, L., Riipinen, I., Engelhart, G. J., Mohr, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Mihalopoulos, N., Prevot, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., and Pandis, S. N.: Measurement of the ambient organic aerosol volatility distribution: application during the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment (FAME-2008), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12149–12160, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-12149-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-12149-2010, 2010. Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J.: Global impacts of gas-phase chemistryaerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18208, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005907doi:10.1029/2005JD005907, 2005. Liao, H., Adams, P., Chung, S., Seinfeld, J., Mickley, L., and Jacob, D.: Interactions between tropospheric chemistry and aerosols in a unified general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D14001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001260doi:10.1029/2001JD001260, 2003. Liao, H., Seinfeld, J., Adams, P., and Mickley, L.: Global radiative forcing of coupled tropospheric ozone and aerosols in a unified general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16207, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004456doi:10.1029/2003JD004456, 2004. Liousse, C., Penner, J., Chuang, C., Walton, J., Eddleman, H., and Cachier, H.: A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 19411–19432, 1996. Miracolo, M., Presto, A., Lambe, A., Hennigan, C., Donahue, N., Kroll, J., Worsnop, D., and Robinson, A.: Photo-Oxidation of Low-Volatility Organics Found in Motor Vehicle Emissions: Production and Chemical Evolution of Organic Aerosol Mass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 16305–16327, 2010. Murphy, B. and Pandis, S.: Simulating the formation of semivolatile primary and secondary organic aerosol in a regional chemical transport model., Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4722 , 2009. Pankow, J.: An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 28, 185–188, 1994. Park, R., Jacob, D., Chin, M., and Martin, R.: Sources of carbonaceous aerosols over the United States and implications for natural visibility, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 4355, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003190doi:10.1029/2002JD003190, 2003. Park, R., Jacob, D., Kumar, N., and Yantosca, R.: Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5405–5423, 2006. Penner, J., Chuang, C., and Grant, K.: Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols, Climate Dynam., 14, 839–851, 1998. Presto, A., Miracolo, M., Donahue, N., and Robinson, A.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from high-NO<sub>x</sub> photo-oxidation of low volatility precursors: n-alkanes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2029–2034, 2010. Pye, H. O. T. and Seinfeld, J. H.: A global perspective on aerosol from low-volatility organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4377–4401, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4377-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-4377-2010, 2010. Rind, D. and Lerner, J.: Use of on-line tracers as a diagnostic tool in general circulation model development 1. Horizontal and vertical transport in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 12667–12683, 1996. Rind, D., Lerner, J., Shah, K., and Suozzo, R.: Use of on-line tracers as a diagnostic tool in general circulation model development 2. Transport between the troposphere and stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 9151–9167, 1999. Robinson, A., Donahue, N., Shrivastava, M., Weitkamp, E., Sage, A., Grieshop, A., Lane, T., Pierce, J., and Pandis, S.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259–1262, 2007. Robinson, A L., Grieshop, A P., Donahue, N M., and Hunt, S W.: Updating the Conceptual Model for Fine Particle Mass Emissions from Combustion Systems, J. Air Waste Manage., 60, 1204–1222, 2010. Sage, A. M., Weitkamp, E. A., Robinson, A. L., and Donahue, N. M.: Evolving mass spectra of the oxidized component of organic aerosol: results from aerosol mass spectrometer analyses of aged diesel emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1139–1152, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1139-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-1139-2008, 2008. Schauer, J., Kleeman, M., Cass, G., and Simoneit, B.: Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C1 through C30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1578–1587, 1999. Schauer, J., Kleeman, M., Cass, G., and Simoneit, B.: Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 3. C1–C29 Organic Compounds from Fireplace Combustion of Wood, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1716–1728, 2001. Schauer, J., Kleeman, M., Cass, G., and Simoneit, B.: Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 5. C1- C32 Organic Compounds from Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1169–1180, 2002. Schichtel, B., Malm, W., Bench, G., Fallon, S., McDade, C., Chow, J., and Watson, J.: Fossil and contemporary fine particulate carbon fractions at 12 rural and urban sites in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D02311, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008605doi:10.1029/2007JD008605, 2008. Shrivastava, M., Lane, T., Donahue, N., Pandis, S., and Robinson, A.: Effects of gas particle partitioning and aging of primary emissions on urban and regional organic aerosol concentrations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D18301, http://dx.doi:10.1029/2007JD009735doi:10.1029/2007JD009735, 2008. Song, C., Zaveri, R., Alexander, M., Thornton, J., Madronich, S., Ortega, J., Zelenyuk, A., Yu, X., Laskin, A., and Maughan, D.: Effect of hydrophobic primary organic aerosols on secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of a-pinene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030720doi:10.1029/2007GL030720, 2007. Szidat, S.: Radiocarbon Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosols: Recent Developments, CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 63, 157–161, 2009. Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1849–1869, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1849-2003doi:10.5194/acp-3-1849-2003, 2003. Tsimpidi, A., Karydis, V., Zavala, M., Lei, W., Molina, L., Ulbrich, I., Jimenez, J., and Pandis, S.: Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico City metropolitan area, Evaluation, 9, 13693–13737, 2009. Turpin, B. and Lim, H.: Species contributions to PM2. 5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602–610, 2001. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006. Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J., San~Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L., Worsnop, D., and Molina, M.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17811, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026899doi:10.1029/2006GL026899, 2006. Weber, R., Orsini, D., Daun, Y., Lee, Y., Klotz, P., and Brechtel, F.: A particle-into-liquid collector for rapid measurement of aerosol bulk chemical composition, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 718–727, 2001. Wesley, M.: Parameterization of surface resistance to gaseous dry deposition in regional numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 16, 1293–1304, 1989. Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols in Pittsburgh: insights into sources and processes of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3289–3311, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3289-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-3289-2005, 2005. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J., Canagaratna, M., Allan, J., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A., Sun, Y., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., DeCarlo, P. F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J. T., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., G riffin, R. J., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett, 34, L13801, http://dx.doi:10.1029/2007GL029979doi:10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007.