ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-11-26477-2011 Simulation of mineral dust aerosol with piecewise log-normal approximation (PLA) in CanAM4-PAM Peng Y. 1 von Salzen K. 2 Li J. 2 Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada 22 09 2011 11 9 26477 26520 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/26477/2011/acpd-11-26477-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/26477/2011/acpd-11-26477-2011.pdf

A new size-resolved dust scheme based on the numerical method of piecewise log-normal approximation (PLA) was developed and implemented in the fourth generation of the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model with the PLA Aerosol Module (CanAM4-PAM). The total simulated annual mean dust burden is 37.8 mg m<sup>−2</sup> for year 2000, which is consistent with estimates from other models. Results from simulations are compared with multiple surface measurements near and away from dust source regions, validating the generation, transport and deposition of dust in the model. Most discrepancies between model results and surface measurements are due to unresolved aerosol processes. Radiative properties of dust aerosol are derived from approximated parameters in two size modes using Mie theory. The simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) is compared with several satellite observations and shows good agreements. The model yields a dust AOD of 0.042 and total AOD of 0.126 for the year 2000. The simulated aerosol direct radiative forcings (ADRF) of dust and total aerosol over ocean are −1.24 W m<sup>−2</sup> and −4.76 W m<sup>−2</sup> respectively, which show good consistency with satellite estimates for the year 2001.

 References Abdou, W A., Diner, D J., Martonchik, J V., Bruegge, C J., Kahn, R A., Gaitley, B J., and et~al: Comparison of coincident multiangle imaging spectroradiometer and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer aerosol optical depth over land and ocean scenes containing aerosol robotic network sites, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S07, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004693doi:10.1029/2004JD004693, 2005. Arimoto, R., Ray, B J., Lewis, N F., and Tomza, U.: Mass-particle size distribution of atmospheric dust and the dry deposition of dust to the remote ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15867–15874, 1997. Arora, V. and Boer, G.: A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models, Global Change Biol., 11, 39–59, 2005. Balkanski, Y., Shculz, M., Claquin, T., and Guibert, S.: Reevaluation of mineral dust aerosol radiative forcings suggests a better agreement with satellite and AERONET data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 81–95, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-81-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-81-2007, 2007. Bäumer, D., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., Li, J., and Croft, B.: Parameterizing the optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis Atmospheric General Circulation Model with impacts on global radiation and energy fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10207, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007319doi:10.1029/2006JD007319, 2007. Berge, E.: Coupling of wet scavenging of sulphur to clouds in a numerical weather prediction model, Tellus, 45B, 1–22, 1993. Boer, G J.: A hybrid moisture variable suitable for spectral GCMs, in: Research Activity in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, Report No. 21, WMO/TD 665, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995. Cheng, T., Peng, Y., Feichter, J., and Tegen, I.: An improvement on the dust emission scheme in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1105–1117, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1105-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-1105-2008, 2008. Croft, B., Lohmann, U., and von Salzen, K.: Black carbon aging in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis General Circulation Model, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 5, 1383–1419, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1383-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-1383-2005, 2005. Dobbie, S., Li, J., Harvey, R., and Chýlek, P.: Sea-salt optical properties and GCM forcing at solar wavelengths, Atmos. Res., 65, 211–233, 2003. Dubovik, O., Sinyuk, A., Lapyonok, T., Holben, B N., Mishchenko, M., Yang, P., Eck, T F., Volten, H., Munoz, O., Veihelmann, B., van~der Zande, W J., Leon, J.-F., Sorokin, M., and Slutsker, I.: Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11208, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006619doi:10.1029/2005JD006619, 2006. Fécan, F., Marticorena, B., and Bergametti, G.: Parametrization of the increase of the aeolian erosion threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semi-arid areas, Ann. Geophys., 17, 149–157, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0149-7doi:10.1007/s00585-999-0149-7, 1999. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schultz, M., and Van~Dorland, R.: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis., in: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate, edited by Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007. Gong, S L., Barrie, L A., Blanchet, J.-P., von Salzen, K., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., and et~al: CAM: A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models. 1. Module Development, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD002002doi:10.1029/2001JD002002, 2003. Hess, M., Koepke, P., and Schult, I.: Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831–844, 1998. Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, J., and et~al.: Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7781–7816, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011, 2011. Jickells, T D., An, Z S., Andersen, K K., Baker, A R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J J., Boyd, P W., Duce, R A., Hunter, K A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., laRoche, J., Liss, P S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J M., Ridgwe, A J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R.: Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry and climate, Science, 308, 67–71, 2005. Kahn, R A., Gaitley, B J., Martonchik, J V., Diner, D J., Crean, K A., and Holben, B.: Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S04, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004706doi:10.1029/2004JD004706, 2005. Kaufman, Y J., Tanré, D., Dubovik, O., Karnieli, A., and Remer, L A.: Absorption of sunlight by dust as inferred from satellite and ground-based remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1479–1482, 2001. Kaufman, Y J., Tanré, D., and Boucher, O.: A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, 419, 215–223, 2002. Kaufman, Y J., Koren, I., Remer, L A., Tanré, D., Ginoux, P., and Fan, S.: Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atkantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004436doi:10.1029/2003JD004436, 2005. Kinne, S., Schulz, M., Textor, C., Guibert, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S E., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T F., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Collins, W., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Herzog, M., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I., Iversen, T., Kirkevag, A., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kristjansson, J E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J F., Lesins, G., Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: An AeroCom initial assessment – optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1815–1834, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1815-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-1815-2006, 2006. Kohfeld, K. and Harrison, S P.: DIRTMAP: The geologic record of dust, Earth Sci., 54, 81–114, 2001. Li, J. and Barker, H W.: A radiation algorithm with correlated k-distribution. Part I: local thermal equilibrium, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 286–309, 2005. Li, J., Wong, J. G D., Dobbie, J S., and Chýlek, P.: Parameterization of the optical properties of sulfate aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 193–209, 2001. Loeb, N G. and Smith, N M.: Top-of-atmosphere direct radiative effect of aerosols over global oceans from merged CERES and MODIS observations, J. Clim., 18, 3506–3526, 2005. Loeb, N G., Kato, S., Loukachine, K., and Smith, N M.: Angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instrument on the Terra satellite. Part 1: Methodology, J. Ocean and Atmos. Tech., 22, 338–351, 2005. Lohmann, U., Von~Salzen, K., McFarlane, N., Leighton, H G., and Feichter, J.: The tropospheric sulfur cycle in the Canadian general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26833–26858, 1999. Ma, X., von Salzen, K., and Li, J.: Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1311–1327, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1311-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-1311-2008, 2008. Mahowald, N., Kohfeld, K., Hansson, M., Balkanski, Y., Harrison, S P., Prentice, I C., Schulz, M., and Rodhe, H.: Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15895–15916, 1999. Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16415–16430, 1995. Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., B., A., Callot, Y., N\'Doume, C., and Legrand, M.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 2. Simulation of Saharan dust sources, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4387–4404, 1997. Merryfield, W J. and Scinocca, J.: The Second Coupled Historical Forecasting Project (CHFP2): I. Models and Initialization, Mon. Weather Rev., submitted, 2011. Merryfield, W J., McFarlane, N., and Lazare, M.: A generalized hybrid transformation for tracer advection, in: Research Activity in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, CAS/JSC WGNE Blue Book, Report No. 33, 13–14, WMO/TD 1161, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. Min, Q.-L., Li, R., Lin, B., Joseph, E., Wang, S., Hu, Y., Morris, V., and Chang, F.: Evidence of mineral dust altering cloud microphysics and precipitation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3223–3231, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3223-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3223-2009, 2009. Moulin, C., Howard, R G., Banzon, V F., and Evans, R H.: Assessment of Saharan dust absorption in the visible from SeaWiFS imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18239–18249, 2001. Myhre, G., Berglen, T F., Johnsrud, M., Hoyle, C R., Berntsen, T K., Christopher, S A., Fahey, D W., Isaksen, I. S A., Jones, T A., Kahn, R A., Loeb, N., Quinn, P., Remer, L., Schwarz, J P., and Yttri, K E.: Modelled radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect with multi-observation evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1365–1392, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1365-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1365-2009, 2009. Prigent, C., Tegen, I., Aires, F., Marticorena, B., and Zribi, M.: Estimation of the aerodynamic roughness length in arid and semi-arid regions over the globe with the ERS scatterometer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005370doi:10.1029/2004JD005370, 2005. Prospero, J M.: Particle flux in the ocean, in: The atmospheric transport of particles to the ocean, edited by: Ittekott, V., Schäfer, P., Honjo, S., and Depetris, P., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 19–52, 1996. Prospero, J M.: Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15917–15927, 1999. Reader, M C., Fung, I., and McFarlane, N.: The Mineral dust aerosol cycle during the last glacial maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9381–9398, 1999. Reddy, M S., Boucher, O., Bellouin, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Dufresne, J.-L., and Pham, M.: Estimates of global multicomponent aerosol optical depth and direct radiative perturbation in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S16, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004757doi:10.1029/2004JD004757, 2005. Remer, L A., Kaufman, Y J., Mattoo, S., and et~al: The MODIS algorithm, products and validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947–973, 2005. Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y., and Lahav, R.: Desert dust suppressing precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98, 5975–5980, 2001. Sassen, K.: Indirect climate forcing over the western US from Asian dust storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1465, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014051doi:10.1029/2001GL014051, 2002. Schulz, M., Textor, C., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Dentener, F., Guibert, S., Isaksen, I. S A., Iversen, T., Koch, D., Kirkeväg, A., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., and Takemura, T.: Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5225–5246, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5225-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-5225-2006, 2006. Seinfeld, J H., Carmichael, G R., Arimoto, R., Conant, W C., Brechtel, F J., Bates, T S., Cahill, T A., Clarke, A D., Doherty, S J., Flatau, P J., Huebert, B J., Kim, J., Markowicz, K M., Quinn, P K., Russell, L M., Russell, P B., Shimizu, A., Shinozuka, Y., Song, C H., Tang, Y., Uno, I., Vogelmann, A M., Weber, R J., Woo, J.-H., and Zhang, X Y.: ACE-ASIA: Regional Climatic and Atmospheric Chemical Effects of Asian Dust and Pollution, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 367–380, 2004. Shao, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, J., and et~al: Northeast Asian dust storms: Real-time numerical predictions and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4691, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003667doi:10.1029/2003JD003667, 2003. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M., and Miller, H E.: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 996 pp., 2007. Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125–1156, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1125-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-1125-2005, 2005. Sullivan, R C., Moore, M. J K., Petters, M D., Kreidenweis, S M., Roberts, G C., and Prather, K A.: Effect of chemical mixing state on the hygroscopicity and cloud nucleation properties of calcium mineral dust particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3303–3316, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3303-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3303-2009, 2009. Tegen, I. and Fung, I.: Modeling of mineral dust in the atmosphere: Sources, transport, and optical thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 99D, 22897–22914, 1994. Tegen, I. and Lacis, A A.: Modeling of particle size distribution and its influence on the radiative properties of mineral dust aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19237–19244, 1996. Tegen, I., Harrison, S P., Kohfeld, K., and Prentice, I C.: Impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: Results from a model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4576, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000963doi:10.1029/2001JD000963, 2002. Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., and et~al: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777–1813, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006, 2006. Timmreck, C. and Schulz, M.: Significant dust simulation differences in nudged and climatological operation mode of the AGCM ECHAM, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004381doi:10.1029/2003JD004381, 2004. van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R V., and Park, R J.: Estimating ground-level PM2.5 using aerosol optical depth determined from satellite remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21201, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006996doi:10.1029/2005JD006996, 2006. van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R V., Brauer, M., Kahn, R., Levy, R., Verduzco, C., and Villeneuve, P J.: Global estimates of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical depth: Development and application, Environ. Health Perspec., 118, 847–855, http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901623doi:10.1289/ehp.0901623, 2010. Verseghy, D L.: CLASS: A Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMs. I. Soil model, Internatinal Journal of Climatology, 11, 111–133, 1991. von Salzen, K.: Piecewise log-normal approximation of size distributions for aerosol modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1351–1372, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1351-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-1351-2006, 2006. von Salzen, K., Leighton, H G., Ariya, P A., Barrie, L A., Gong, S L., Blanchet, J P., Spacek, L., Lohmann, U., and Kleinman, L I.: The sensitivity of sulphate aerosol size distributions and CCN concentrations over North America to SO$_x$ emissions and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentrations, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9741–9766, 2000. von Salzen, K., McFarlane, N A., and Lazare, M.: The role of shallow low convection in the water and energy cycles of the atmosphere, Clim. Dynam., 25, 671–699, 2005. Wang, A., Price, D T., and Arora, V.: Estimating changes in global vegetation cover (1850-2100) for use in climate models, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3028, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002514doi:10.1029/2005GB002514, 2006. Wehner, B., Wiedensohler, A., Tuch, T M., Wu, Z J., Hu, M., Slanina, J., and Kiang, C S.: Variability of the aerosol number size distribution in Beijing, China: new particle formation, dust storms, and high continental background, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021596doi:10.1029/2004GL021596, 2004. Wehner, B., Birmili, W., Ditas, F., Wu, Z., Hu, M., Liu, X., Mao, J., Sugimoto, N., and Wiedensohler, A.: Relationships between submicronmeter particulate air pollution and air mass history in Beijing, China, 2004-2006, Atmos Chem. Phys., 8, 6155–6168, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6155-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-6155-2008, 2008. Yu, H., Kaufman, Y J., Chin, M., and et~al.: A review of measurement-based assessments of the aerosol direct radiative effect and forcing, Atmos. Che. Phys., 6, 613–666, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-613-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-613-2006, 2006. Yue, D., Hu, M., Wu, Z., Wang, Z., Guo, S., Wehner, B., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Jung, J., Young, K J., and Liu, S.: Characteristics of aerosol size distributions and new particle formation in the summer in Beijing, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00G12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010894doi:10.1029/2008JD010894, 2009. Zender, C S., Miller, R L., and Tegen, I.: Quantifying Mineral Dust Mass Budgets: Terminology, Constraints, and Current Estimates, Eos Trans. AGU, 85, 509, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004EO480002doi:10.1029/2004EO480002, 2004. Zhang, G J. and McFarlane, N A.: Sensitivity of Climate Simulations to the Parameterization of Cumulus Convection in the Canadian Climate Centre General Circulation Model, Atmos. Ocean, 33, 407–446, 1995. Zhang, L.-M., Gong, S.-L., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549–560, 2001. Zhao, X.-P., Loeb, N G., Laszlo, I., and Zhou, M.: Global component aerosol direct radiative effect at the top of atmosphere, Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 633–655, 2010. Zobler, L.: A world soil file for global climate modeling, Tech. Rep. 87802, Tech. Rep. NASA, 1986.