<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-11-23655-2011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A continuous spectral aerosol-droplet microphysics model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lebo</surname>
<given-names>Z. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Seinfeld</surname>
<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology,  Pasadena, 91125, CA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, CA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>23655</fpage>
<lpage>23705</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/23655/2011/acpd-11-23655-2011.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/23655/2011/acpd-11-23655-2011.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/23655/2011/acpd-11-23655-2011.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/23655/2011/acpd-11-23655-2011.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>A two-dimensional (2-D) continuous spectral aerosol-droplet microphysics
model is presented and implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting
(WRF) model for large-eddy simulations (LES) of warm marine stratocumulus
clouds. Activation and regeneration of aerosols are treated explicitly in the
calculation of condensation/evaporation. The model includes a 2-D spectrum
that encompasses wet aerosol particles (i.e. haze droplets), cloud droplets,
and drizzle droplets in a continuous and consistent manner and allows for the
explicit tracking of aerosol size within cloud droplets due to
collision-coalescence. The system of differential equations describing
condensation/evaporation (i.e. mass conservation and energy conservation) is
solved simultaneously within each grid cell. The model is demonstrated by
simulating a marine stratocumulus deck for two different aerosol loadings
(100 and 500 cm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;), and comparison with the more traditional
microphysics modeling approaches (both 1-D bin and bulk schemes) is
evaluated.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="51"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ackerman, A S., Toon, O B., Stevens, D E., and Coackley Jr., J A.: Enhancement of cloud cover and suppression of nocturnal drizzle in stratocumulus polluted by haze, Geophys. Res. Let., 30, 7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016634doi:10.1029/2002GL016634, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ackerman, A S., Kirkpatrick, M P., Stevens, D E., and Toon, O B.: The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, 432, 1014–1017, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ackerman, A S., vanZanten, M C., Stevens, B., Savic-Jovic, V., Bretherton, C S., Chlond, A., Golaz, J.-C., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M., Krueger, S K., Lewellen, D C., Lock, A., Moeng, C.-H., Nakamura, K., Petters, M D., Snider, J R., Weinbrecht, S., and Zulauf, M.: Large-eddy simulations of a drizzling, stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 1083–1110, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2582.1doi:10.1175/2008MWR2582.1, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Albrecht, B.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227–1230, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4923.1227doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Beard, K V.: Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851–864, 1976. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Beheng, K D.: A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes, Atmos. Res., 33, 193–206, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bott, A.: A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2284–2293, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bott, A.: A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation: Extension to two-dimensional particle distributions, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 284–294, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bretherton, C S., Blossey, P N., and Uchida, J.: Cloud droplet sedimentation, entrainment efficiency, and subtropical stratocumulus albedo, Geophys. Res. Let., 34, L03813, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027648doi:10.1029/2006GL027648, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, P N., Bryne, G D., and Hindmarsh, A C.: VODE: A variable coefficient ODE solver, J. Sci. Stat. Comput., 10, 1038–1051, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chen, Y.-C., Xue, L., Lebo, Z. J., Wang, H., Rasmussen, R. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: A comprehensive numerical study of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in marine stratocumulus, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 15497–15550, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-15497-2011doi:10.5194/acpd-11-15497-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chuang, P Y., Charlson, R J., and Seinfeld, J H.: Kinetic limitations on droplet formation in clouds, Nature, 390, 94–96, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Del Genio, A D., Yao, M.-S., Kovari, W., and Lo, K. K.-W.: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models, J. Climate, 9, 270–304, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Duynkerke, P G., de Roode, S R., van Zanten, M C., Calvo, J., Cuxart, J., Cheinet, S., Chlond, A., Grenier, H., Jonker, P J., Kohler, M., Lenderink, G., Lewellen, D., Lappen, C.-L., Lock, A P., Moeng, C.-H., Muller, F., Olmeda, D., Piriou, J.-M., Sanchez, E., and Sednev, I.: Observations and numerical simulations of the diurnal cycle of the EUROCS stratocumulus case, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 604, 3269–3296, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fan, J., Yuan, T., Comstock, J M., Ghan, S., Khain, A., Leung, L R., Li, Z., Martins, V J., and Ovchinnikov, M.: Dominant role by vertical wind shear in regulating aerosol effects on deep convective clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012352doi:10.1029/2009JD012352, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Feingold, G., Tzivion, S., and Levin, Z.: Evolution of raindrop spectra. Part I: solution to the stochastic collection/breakup equation using the method of moments, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3387–3399, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Feingold, G., Walko, R L., Stevens, B., and Cotton, W R.: Simulations of marine stratocumulus using a new microphysical parameterization scheme, Atmos. Res., 47, 505–528, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ferek, R J., Garret, T., Hobbs, P V., Strader, S., Johnson, D., Taylor, J P., Nielsen, K., Ackerman, A S., Kogan, Y., Liu, Q., Albrecht, B A., and Babb, D.: Drizzle suppression in ship tracks, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2707–2728, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ferrier, B S.: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme, Part~I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 249–280, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Geresdi, I.: Idealized simulation of the Colorado hailstorm case: Comparison of bulk and detailed microphysics, Atmos. Res., 45, 237–252, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Geresdi, I. and Rasmussen, R M.: Freezing drizzle formation in stably stratified layer clouds, Part~II: The role of giant nuclei and aerosol particle size distribution and solubility, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2037–2057, 2005. \clearpage </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Harrington, J Y., Feingold, G., and Cotton, W R.: Radiative impacts on the growth of a population of drops within simulated summertime Arctic stratus, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 766–785, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hill, A A., Dobbie, S., and Yin, Y.: The impact of aerosols on non-precipitating marine stratocumulus. Model description and prediction of the indirect effect, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 1143–1154, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.278doi:10.1002/qj.278, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hill, A A., Feingold, G., and Jiang, H.: The influence of entrainment and mixing assumption on aerosol-cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1450–1464, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hong, S.-Y. and Lim, J.-O J.: The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6), J. Korean Meteorol. Soc., 42, 129–151, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hong, S.-Y., Dudhia, J., and Chen, S.-H.: A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 103–120, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Khain, A. and Lynn, B.: Simulation of a supercell storm in clean and dirty atmosphere using weather research and forecasting model with spectral bin microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19209, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011827doi:10.1029/2009JD011827, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Khain, A. and Pokrovsky, A.: Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model, Part~II: Sensitivity study, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2983–3001, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Khain, A., Ovtchinnikov, M., Pinsky, M., Pokrovsky, A., and Krugliak, H.: Notes on the state-of-the-art numerical modeling of cloud microphysics, Atmos. Res., 55, 159–224, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Khain, A., Pokrovsky, A., Pinsky, M., Seifert, A., and Phillips, V.: Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model, Part~I: Model description and possible applications, J. Atmos. Sci., 161, 2963–2982, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Khairoutdinov, M. and Kogan, Y.: A new cloud physics parameterization in a Large-Eddy Simulation model of marine stratocumulus, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 229–243, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kogan, Y L.: The simulation of a convective cloud in a 3D model with explicit microphysics, Part~I: Model description and sensitivity experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1160–1189, 1991. \clearpage </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kogan, Y L., Khairoutdinov, M P., Lilly, D K., Kogan, Z N., and Liu, Q.: Modeling of stratocumulus cloud layers in a large-eddy simulation model with explicit microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2923–2940, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Korolev, A. and Isaac, G.: Phase transformation of mixed-phase clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 19–38, http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.203doi:10.1256/qj.01.203, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lebo, Z. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Theoretical basis for convective invigoration due to increased aerosol concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5407–5429, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5407-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-5407-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Li, G., Wang, Y., and Zhang, R.: Implementation of a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme to the WRF model to investigate aerosol-cloud interaction, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15211, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009361doi:10.1029/2007JD009361, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lim, K.-S S. and Hong, S.-Y.: Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for weather and climate models, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 1587–1612, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lin, Y.-L., Farley, R D., and Orville, H D.: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065–1092, 1983. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lu, M.-L. and Seinfeld, J H.: Study of the aerosol indirect effect by large-eddy simulation of marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3909–3932, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lu, M.-L. and Seinfeld, J H.: Effect of aerosol number concentration on cloud droplet dispersion: A large-eddy simulation study and implications for aerosol indirect forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02207, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006419doi:10.1029/2005JD006419, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mitra, S K., Brinkmann, J., and Pruppacher, H T.: A wind tunnel study on the drop-to-particle conversion, J. Aerosol Sci., 23, 245–256, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A.: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model, version~3 (CAM3), Part~I: Description and numerical tests, J. Climate, 21, 3642–3659, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Morrison, H. and Pinto, J O.: Mesoscale modeling of springtime Arctic mixed-phase stratiform clouds using a new two-moment bulk microphysics scheme, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3683–3704, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Morrison, H., Curry, J A., and Khvorostyanov, V I.: A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models, Part~I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665–1677, 2005. \clearpage </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ovchinnikov, M. and Easter, R C.: Modeling aerosol growth by aqueous chemistry in a nonprecipitating stratiform cloud, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14210, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012816doi:10.1029/2009JD012816, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pruppacher, H R. and Klett, J D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Radke, L F., Coakley Jr., J A., and King, M D.: Direct and remote sensing observations of the effects of ships on clouds, Science, 245, 1146–1149, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rasch, P J. and Kristjansson, J E.: A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate parameterizations, J. Climate, 11, 1587–1614, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rasmussen, R M., Geresdi, I., Thompson, G., Manning, K., and Karplus, E.: Freezing drizzle formation in stably stratified layer clouds: The role of radiative cooling of cloud droplets, cloud condensation nuclei, and ice initiation, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 837–860, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Reisin, T., Levin, Z., and Tzivion, S.: Rain production in convective clouds as simulated in an axisymmetric model with detailed microphysics, Part~I: Description of the model, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 497–519, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Roeckner, E., Bäuml, G., Bonaventura, L., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagermann, S., Kirchner, I., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., Rhodin, A., Schlese, U., Schulzweida, U., and Thompins, A.: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5, Part~I: Model description, Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rogers, R R. and Yau, M K.: A Short Course in Cloud Physics, Butterworth-Heinemann, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rotstayn, L D.: A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. I: Description and evaluation of the microphysical processes, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1227–1282, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rotstayn, L D. and Liu, Y.: Sensitivity of the first indirect aerosol effect to an increase of cloud droplet spectral dispersion with droplet number concentration, J. Climate, 26, 3476–3481, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rotstayn, L D. and Liu, Y.: Cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the indirect aerosol effect: Comparison of two treatments in a GCM, Geophys. Res. Let., 36, L10801, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038216doi:10.1029/2009GL038216, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rutledge, S A. and Hobbs, P V.: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones, VIII: A model for the &quot;seeder-feeder&quot; process in warm-frontal rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185–1206, 1983. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rutledge, S A. and Hobbs, P V.: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones, XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949–2972, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sandu, I., Brenguier, J.-L., Geoffroy, O., Thouron, O., and Masson, V.: Aerosol impacts on the diurnal cycle of marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2705–2718, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sandu, I., Brenguier, J.-L., Thouron, O., and Stevens, B.: How important is the vertical structure for the representation of aerosol impacts on the diurnal cycle of marine stratocumulus?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4039–4052, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4039-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-4039-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Shao, H. and Liu, G.: A critical examination of the observed first aerosol indirect effect, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1018–1032, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Simpson, W.-K. T J., Baker, D., Braun, S., Chou, M.-D., Ferrier, B., Johnson, D., Khain, A., Lang, S., Lynn, B., Shie, C.-L., Starr, D., Sui, C.-H., Wang, Y., and Wetzel, P.: Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82, 97–137, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Skamarock, W C., Klemp, J B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D O., Barker, D M., Duda, M G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J G.: A description of the advanced research WRF Version~3, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stevens, B., Feingold, G., Cotton, W R., and Walko, R L.: Elements of the microphysical structure of numerically simulated nonprecipitating stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 980–1006, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stevens, B., Cotton, W R., Feingold, G., and Moeng, C.-H.: Large-eddy simulations of strongly precipitating, shallow, stratocumulus-topped boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3616–3638, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stevens, B., Lenscho, D H., Faloona, I., Moeng, C.-H., Lilly, D K., Blomquist, B., Valie, G., Bandy, A., Campos, T., Gerber, H., Haimov, S., Morley, B., and Thornton, D.: On entrainment rates in nocturnal marine stratocumulus, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 3469–3493, http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.202doi:10.1256/qj.02.202, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stevens, B., Moeng, C.-H., Ackerman, A S., Bretherton, C S., Chlond, A., De Roode, S., Edwards, J., Golaz, J., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M., Kirkpatrick, M P., Lewellen, D C., Lock, A., Muller, F., Stevens, D E., Whelan, E., and Zhu, P.: Evaluation of large-eddy simulations via observations of nocturnal marine stratocumulus, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 1443–1462, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sundqvist, H.: Parameterization of condensation and associated clouds in models for weather prediction and general circulation simulation, in: Physically-based modelling and simulation of climate and climate change, Part~1, edited by: Schlesinger, M E., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 433–462, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thompson, G., Field, P R., and Rasmussen, R M.: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using and improved bulk microphysics scheme, Part~I: Description and sensitivity analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 519–542, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thompson, G., Field, P R., Rasmussen, R M., and Hall, W D.: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using and improved bulk microphysics scheme, Part~II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 5095–5115, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref70">
<label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tzivion, S., Feingold, G., and Levin, Z.: An efficient numerical solution to the stochastic collection equation, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3139–3149, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref71">
<label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tzivion, S., Feingold, G., and Levin, Z.: The Evolution of raindrop spectra, Part~II: Collisional collection/breakup and evaporation in a rainshaft, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3312–3327, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref72">
<label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Walko, R L., Cotton, W R., Harrington, J Y., and Meyers, M P.: New RAMS cloud microphysical parameterization, Part~I: The single moment scheme, Atmos. Res., 38, 29–62, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref73">
<label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang, H. and Feingold, G.: Modeling mesoscale cellular structures and drizzle in marine stratocumulus, Part~I: Impact of drizzle on the formation and evolution of open cells, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3237–3256, 2009a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref74">
<label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang, H. and Feingold, G.: Modeling mesoscale cellular structures and drizzle in marine stratocumulus, Part~II: The microphysics and dynamics of the boundary region between open and closed cells, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3257–3275, 2009b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref75">
<label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang, H., Skamarock, W C., and Feingold, G.: Evaluation of scalar advection schemes in the Advance Research WRF model using large-eddy simulations of aerosol-cloud-interactions, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 2547–2558, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref76">
<label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang, H., Feingold, G., Wood, R., and Kazil, J.: Modelling microphysical and meteorological controls on precipitation and cloud cellular structures in Southeast Pacific stratocumulus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6347–6362, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6347-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-6347-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref77">
<label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang, H., Rasch, P. J., and Feingold, G.: Manipulating marine stratocumulus cloud amount and albedo: a process-modelling study of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in response to injection of cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4237–4249, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4237-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-4237-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref78">
<label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang, S., Wang, Q., and Feinfold, G.: Turbulence, condensation, and liquid water transport in numerically simulated nonprecipitating stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 262–278, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref79">
<label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wood, R.: Cancellation of aerosol indirect effects in marine stratocumulus through cloud thinning, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2657–2669, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS3942.1doi:10.1175/JAS3942.1, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref80">
<label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wood, R., Kubar, T L., and Hartmann, D L.: Understanding the importance of microphysics and macrophysics for warm rain in marine low clouds, Part~II: Heuristic models of rain formation, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2973–2990, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref81">
<label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Xue, H. and Feingold, G.: Large-eddy simulations of trade wind cumulus: Investigation of aerosol indirect effects, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1605–1622, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref82">
<label>82</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Xue, H., Teller, A., Rasmussen, R., Geresdi, I., and Pan, Z.: Effects of aerosol solubility and regeneration on warm-phase orographic clouds and precipitation simulated by a detailed bin microphysics scheme, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3336–3354, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref83">
<label>83</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Yin, Y., Carslaw, K S., and Feingold, G.: Vertical transport and processing of aerosol in a mixed-phase convective cloud and the feedback on cloud development, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 221–245, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref84">
<label>84</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, M., Lin, W., Bretherton, C S., Hack, J J., and Rasch, P J.: A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR community atmosphere model (CAM2), J. Geophys. Res., 108, D1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002523doi:10.1029/2002JD002523, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>