<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-11-15775-2011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Optical properties, morphology and elemental chemical composition of atmospheric particles at T1 supersite on MILAGRO campaign</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carabali</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mamani-Paco</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Castro</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Peralta</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Herrera</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Trujillo</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Centro de Investigaciones de Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>25</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>15775</fpage>
<lpage>15799</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/15775/2011/acpd-11-15775-2011.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/15775/2011/acpd-11-15775-2011.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/15775/2011/acpd-11-15775-2011.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/15775/2011/acpd-11-15775-2011.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Atmospheric particles were sampled at T1 supersite (19°43&apos; N latitude,
98°58&apos; W longitude, and 2340 m above sea level) during MILAGRO
campaign. T1 was located at the north of Mexico City Metropolitan Area
(MCMA). Aerosol sampling was done by placing transmission electron
microscope (TEM) copper grids on the last 5 stages of an 8-stage MOUDI
cascade impactor (&lt;i&gt;d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.8, 1.0, 0.56, 0.32, and 0.18 μm). Samples
were obtained at morning (06:00–09:00), noon (11:00–14:00), afternoon
(16:00–19:00) and evening (21:00–24:00) local time. Absorption and
scattering coefficients, and particles concentration (0.01–3 μm
aerodynamic diameter) were measured simultaneously using a PASP absorption
photometer (operated at 550 nm), a portable integrating nephelometer (at
530 nm) and a CNI particle counter. TEM images of particles were acquired at
different magnifications using a CM 200 Phillips TEM-EDAX system.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The morphology of atmospheric particles for two aerodynamic diameters (0.18
and 1.8 μm) was compared using border-based fractal dimension.
Particles sampled under Mexico City pollution influence showed not much
variability, suggesting the presence of more compact particles in smaller
sizes (&lt;i&gt;d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.8 μm) at the site. The presence of higher numbers of
compact particles can be attributed to aerosol aging and secondary aerosol
formation, among others. Under early morning conditions, smaller particles
(&lt;i&gt;d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.18 μm) had more irregular features resulting in a higher
average fractal dimension. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was
used to determine the elemental composition of particles. EDS analysis in
particles with &lt;i&gt;d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.18 μm showed a higher content of
carbonaceous material and relevant amounts of Si, Fe, K, and Co. This may
indicate an impact from industrial and vehicle&apos;s emissions on atmospheric
particles.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="25"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baumgardner, D., Raga, G. B., Kok, G. L., Ogren, J., Rosas, I., Baez, A., and Novakov, T.: On the evolution of aerosol properties at a mountain site above Mexico City, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17, 22243–22253, 2000 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baumgardner, D., Kok, G. L., and Raga, G. B.: On the diurnal variability of particle properties related to light absorbing carbon in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2517–2526, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2517-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-2517-2007, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bond, T., Anderson, T. L., and Campbell, D.: Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols. Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 30, 582–600, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> De Foy, B., Varela, J. R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Rapid ventilation of the Mexico City basin and regional fate of the urban plume, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2321–2335, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2321-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-2321-2006, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Doran, J. C., Barnard, J. C., Arnott, W. P., Cary, R., Coulter, R., Fast, J. D., Kassianov, E. I., Kleinman, L., Laulaien, N. S., Matin, T., Paredes-Miranda, G., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Smith, D. F., Springston, S. R., and Yu, X. Y.: The T1-T2 study: evolution of aerosol properties downwind of Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1585–1598, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1585-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1585-2007, 2007 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dye, A. L., Rhead, M. M., and Trier, C. J.: The Quantitative Morphology of Roadside and Background Urban Aerosol in Plymouth, UK. Atmos. Environ., 34, 3139–3148, 2000 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> García, L. Q., Castro, T., Saavedra, M. I., and Martínez-Arroyo, M. A.: Optical properties of aerosols: southern Mexico City. Atmósfera, 23, 4, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Horvath, H., Catalan, L., and Trier, A.: A study of the aerosol of Santiago de Chile III Light absorbing measurements, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3737–3744, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jiménez, J. C., Raga, G. B., Baumgardner, D., Castro, T., Rosas, I., Báez, A.: On the composition of aerosol particles influenced by emissions of the volcano Popocatepetl in Mexico, Natural Hazards, 31, 21–37, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Iedema, M. J., Cowin, J. P., Gaspar, D. J., Wang, C., and Laskin, A.: Processing of soot in an urban environment: Case study from the México City Metropolitan Area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3033–3043, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3033-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-3033-2005, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kaegi, R. and Holzer, L.: Transfer of a single particle for combined ESEM and TEM analyses. Atmos. Environ., 37, 4353–4359, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Katrinak, K. A., Rez, P., Perkess, P. R., and Buseck, P. R.: Fractal geometry of carbonaceous aggregates from an urban aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 539–547, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kindratenko, V. V., Van Espen, J. M., Treiger, B. A., and Van Grieken, R. E.: Fractal Dimensional Classification of Aerosol Particles y Computer-Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 2197–2202, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Li, J., Anderson, J. R., and Buseck, P. R.: TEM study of aerosol particles from clean and polluted marine boundary layers over the North Atlantic. J. Geophysical Res., 108(D6), 4189, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002106doi:10.1029/2002JD002106, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Li, W. and Shao, L.: Transmission electron microscopy study of aerosol particles from the brown hazes in northern China. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D09302, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011285doi:10.1029/2008JD011285, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mamani-Paco, R.: Morphology distributions and chemical composition of size-selected atmospheric fine particles. PhD dissertation, AAT 3156402, ISBN 0496171003, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Márquez, C., Castro, T., Muhlia, A., Martínez-Arroyo, M. A., and Báez, A.: Measurement of aerosol particles, gases and flux radiation in the National Park Pico de Orizaba, and its relationship to air pollution transport. Atmos. Environ., 39, 21, 3877-3890, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Marley, N. A., Gaffney, J. S., Castro, T., Salcido, A., and Frederick, J.: Measurements of aerosol absorption and scattering in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the MILAGRO field campaign: a comparison of results from the T0 and T1 sites. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 189–206, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-189-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-189-2009, 2009 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Molina, L. T. and Molina, M. J.: Air quality in the Mexico Megacity, An integrated assessment, Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands, 408 pp., 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., Apel, E., de Foy, B., Fast, J., Ferrare, R., Herndon, S., Jiménez, J. L., Lamb, B., Osornio-Vargas, A. R., Russell, P., Schauer, J. J., Stevens, P. S., Volkamer, R., and Zavala, M.: An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8697–8760, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8697-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-8697-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mogo, S., Cachorro, V. E., and De Frutos, A. M.: Morphological, chemical and optical absorbing characterization of aerosols in the urban atmosphere of Valladolid, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2739–2748, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2739-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-2739-2005, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Okada, K. and Heintzenberg, J.: Size distribution, state of mixture, and morphology of urban aerosol particles at given electrical mobilities, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1539–1553, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Jiménez, J. L., Aiken, A. C., Gaffney, J. S., and Marley, N. A.: Primary and secondary contributions to aerosol light scattering and absorption in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3721–3730, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3721-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3721-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pósfai, M., Simonics, R., Li, J., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R.: Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Composition and distributions of carbonaceous particles$. $J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8483, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002291doi:10.1029/2002JD002291, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Raga, G., Baumgardner, D., Castro, T., Matínez-Arroyo, M. A., and Navarro-González, R.: Mexico City Air Quality: A Qualitative Review of Gas and Aerosol Measurements (1960-2000). Atmos. Environ., 35, 4041–4058, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ramsden, A. R. and Shibaoka, M.: Characterization and analysis of individual fly-ash particles from coal-fired power stations by a combination of optical microscopy, electron microscopy and quantitative electron microprobe analysis, Atmos. Environ., 16(9), 2191–2206, 1982. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Dzepina, K., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Huffman, J. A., De Carlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Mortimer, P. Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Marr, L. C., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Cárdenas, B., Bernabé, R. M., Márquez, C., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Brune, W., Lesher, R., Shirley, T., and Jiménez, J. L.: Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 925–946, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-925-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-925-2006, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley, New York, USA, 1326 pp., 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Xiong, C. and Friedlander, S. K.: Morphological properties of atmospheric aerosol aggregates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 11851–11856, available online at: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.211376098, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>